Pterostilbene is a naturally occurring compound that belongs to a group of substances known as stilbenoids, which are found in certain plants. It is a dimethylated derivative of resveratrol, another well-known stilbenoid, and is often touted as a more potent and bioavailable alternative. Structurally, pterostilbene is similar to resveratrol but has two additional methyl groups, which enhance its stability and absorption in the human body.

This compound is found in small amounts in foods such as blueberries, grapes, and the bark of the Indian Kino tree (Pterocarpus marsupium). Due to its enhanced bioavailability, pterostilbene is considered more effective than resveratrol for certain applications, as the body can absorb and utilize it more efficiently. This makes it an attractive option for supplementation.

Pterostilbene has gained attention in recent years for its potential health benefits, which range from antioxidant properties to supporting cognitive function. However, it's important to note that while the compound shows promise, the body of research on pterostilbene is still developing. Most of the current understanding is derived from preliminary studies, and more extensive research is needed to fully elucidate its effects and mechanisms of action.

Pterostilbene is primarily used for its potential health benefits, which largely stem from its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Researchers have been exploring its various applications, and while the evidence is still emerging, the preliminary findings are promising.

One of the primary uses of pterostilbene is as an antioxidant. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals in the body, which can cause oxidative stress and damage cells. Studies have shown that pterostilbene may be more effective than its cousin resveratrol in this role due to its enhanced bioavailability. For example, a study published in The Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry demonstrated that pterostilbene has potent antioxidant properties that could protect cells from oxidative damage (Rimando et al., 2002).

In addition, pterostilbene has been investigated for its potential cognitive benefits. Research suggests that it may support brain health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. A study in Neurobiology of Aging found that pterostilbene improved cognitive function in aged rats, indicating its potential for supporting brain health in humans (Joseph et al., 2008). However, more human studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Pterostilbene is also being studied for its role in supporting metabolic health. Preliminary research indicates that it may help maintain healthy blood sugar levels and support lipid metabolism. For instance, a study in Diabetes reported that pterostilbene improved insulin sensitivity and reduced blood glucose levels in animal models (Palsamy and Subramanian, 2008). While these findings are promising, clinical trials in humans are necessary to validate these effects.

Overall, while the existing studies suggest that pterostilbene holds significant potential for various health benefits, it is essential to continue research to fully understand its efficacy and safety in humans.

Pterostilbene works through several mechanisms, primarily leveraging its structural advantages over similar compounds like resveratrol. Its enhanced bioavailability allows it to be more efficiently absorbed and utilized by the body, which may amplify its beneficial effects.

One of the key mechanisms of pterostilbene is its function as an antioxidant. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals—unstable molecules that can damage cells, proteins, and DNA through oxidative stress. Pterostilbene's antioxidant activity helps protect cells from this damage, thereby supporting overall cellular health. This is particularly important in mitigating the effects of aging and environmental stressors on the body. A study in The Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry highlighted pterostilbene's potent antioxidant properties, noting its ability to scavenge free radicals effectively (Rimando et al., 2002).

Pterostilbene also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic inflammation is a known contributor to various health issues, and by reducing inflammation, pterostilbene can support the body's natural healing processes. It achieves this by modulating inflammatory pathways and suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Research published in The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry found that pterostilbene could inhibit the expression of inflammatory markers, thereby reducing inflammation at the cellular level (McCormack and McFadden, 2012).

Another significant mechanism is its impact on cellular signaling pathways. Pterostilbene activates the sirtuin pathway, particularly SIRT1, a protein involved in cellular regulation and longevity. Activation of SIRT1 has been associated with enhanced metabolic function, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased lifespan in various model organisms. A study in Cell Metabolism demonstrated that pterostilbene could activate SIRT1, suggesting its role in promoting metabolic health and longevity (Howitz et al., 2003).

Furthermore, pterostilbene influences lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis, which can be beneficial for metabolic health. It helps regulate enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, potentially aiding in maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. Additionally, it has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels, as evidenced by animal studies published in Diabetes (Palsamy and Subramanian, 2008).

In summary, pterostilbene works through multiple pathways to exert its beneficial effects, primarily as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, and modulator of cellular signaling pathways. While these mechanisms are well-supported by preliminary research, further studies in humans are necessary to fully validate these effects.

Pterostilbene is utilized for its health benefits in both men and women, but there are subtle differences in how it may be applied to support the unique physiological needs of each gender. While the core mechanisms of action remain the same, the emphasis on specific health outcomes can vary.

In men's health, pterostilbene is often explored for its potential role in supporting cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and metabolic health. Men are generally at a higher risk for cardiovascular issues, and pterostilbene's ability to support healthy lipid levels and reduce oxidative stress can be particularly beneficial. Studies have shown that pterostilbene can help maintain healthy cholesterol levels and support overall heart health, which is crucial for men, especially as they age (Rimando et al., 2005). Additionally, men may benefit from pterostilbene's neuroprotective properties, which can support cognitive function and potentially mitigate age-related cognitive decline.

For women, pterostilbene is often highlighted for its potential benefits in bone health, hormonal balance, and skin health. Women are at a higher risk of osteoporosis, especially post-menopause, and pterostilbene's role in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress can support bone health. Research suggests that antioxidants like pterostilbene may help maintain bone density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis (Su et al., 2017). Furthermore, due to hormonal fluctuations throughout life stages such as menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause, pterostilbene's anti-inflammatory properties can help manage symptoms associated with hormonal imbalances.

Skin health is another area where pterostilbene can be particularly beneficial for women. The compound's antioxidant properties help protect the skin from environmental damage, such as UV radiation and pollution, which can lead to premature aging. By reducing oxidative stress and supporting collagen production, pterostilbene may help maintain youthful and healthy skin (Mukherjee et al., 2011).

While both men and women can benefit from the metabolic health support provided by pterostilbene, women may find it especially useful in managing weight and blood sugar levels, which can be influenced by hormonal changes. Pterostilbene's ability to improve insulin sensitivity and support glucose metabolism can be beneficial for women who are managing conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or metabolic syndrome (Palsamy and Subramanian, 2008).

In summary, while pterostilbene offers a range of health benefits that apply to both men and women, its applications can be tailored to address specific health concerns pertinent to each gender. As research continues to evolve, a more nuanced understanding of these gender-specific benefits is likely to emerge.

Determining the appropriate dosage of pterostilbene can be somewhat challenging due to the limited number of comprehensive human studies available. However, based on the existing research and available supplements, some general guidelines can be provided.

Most pterostilbene supplements on the market recommend a dosage ranging from 50 mg to 250 mg per day. In clinical studies, doses have varied widely. For instance, a study published in The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology investigated the safety and pharmacokinetics of pterostilbene and found that doses up to 250 mg per day were well-tolerated in healthy adults (Kapetanovic et al., 2011). However, it's important to start with a lower dose, such as 50 mg or 100 mg per day, to assess your body's response before potentially increasing the dosage.

It is also worth noting that pterostilbene is often included in multivitamin supplements and combined with other antioxidants or vitamins, such as vitamin D or vitamin C. If you are taking a combination supplement, ensure that the total daily intake of pterostilbene falls within the recommended range to avoid excessive intake.

Some factors that may influence the optimal dosage include individual health conditions, age, weight, and specific health goals. For those looking to support general antioxidant capacity and overall wellness, a lower dose may suffice. Conversely, individuals seeking specific benefits, such as cognitive support or metabolic health, might consider higher doses within the recommended range, always under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

As with any supplement, consistency is key. Regular daily intake at the recommended dosage is more likely to yield beneficial effects than sporadic use. While higher doses have been well-tolerated in studies, it is always prudent to stay within established guidelines and consult with a healthcare provider to tailor the dosage to your individual needs.

In summary, while 50 mg to 250 mg per day is a commonly recommended range, it's best to start on the lower end and adjust based on your body's response and specific health goals. Further research will hopefully provide more precise dosing recommendations in the future.

While pterostilbene is generally considered to be well-tolerated, some potential side effects have been reported, especially at higher doses. It's important to be aware of these possible adverse effects to make an informed decision about its use.

The most commonly reported side effects of pterostilbene are gastrointestinal in nature. These can include mild symptoms such as nausea, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. These issues are typically transient and may resolve as the body adjusts to the supplement. To minimize these effects, starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing it can be beneficial.

Another potential side effect is an increase in LDL cholesterol levels. While pterostilbene has been shown to support overall cardiovascular health and improve HDL cholesterol levels, some studies have noted a slight increase in LDL cholesterol in certain individuals. For example, a study published in The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology observed this effect in participants taking higher doses of pterostilbene (Kapetanovic et al., 2011). Monitoring cholesterol levels while taking pterostilbene, particularly if you have pre-existing lipid imbalances, is advisable.

Headaches are another less common side effect reported by some users. The exact mechanism behind this is not well understood, but it could be related to the compound's effects on blood pressure or blood flow. If headaches occur, reducing the dosage or discontinuing use may help alleviate this symptom.

Though rare, allergic reactions can occur with any supplement. Signs of an allergic reaction may include rash, itching, swelling, dizziness, and trouble breathing. If any of these symptoms are experienced, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately.

Currently, there is limited data on the long-term safety of pterostilbene, as most studies have focused on short-term use. As research progresses, more information will become available about potential long-term effects and safety profiles.

In summary, while pterostilbene is generally well-tolerated, potential side effects include gastrointestinal issues, slight increases in LDL cholesterol, headaches, and rare allergic reactions. It's important to monitor your body's response to the supplement and consult with a healthcare provider to tailor its use to your individual needs.

While pterostilbene is considered safe for many people, there are specific groups who should exercise caution or avoid taking this supplement altogether. Identifying these groups helps ensure that individuals can make informed decisions about their health and wellness.

Firstly, pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid taking pterostilbene. There is insufficient research on the safety of pterostilbene for these populations, and it's always better to err on the side of caution when it comes to supplements during pregnancy and lactation.

Individuals with pre-existing medical conditions should also be cautious. For instance, those with lipid imbalances or elevated cholesterol levels should consult a healthcare provider before starting pterostilbene. As mentioned earlier, some studies have shown that pterostilbene can increase LDL cholesterol levels in certain individuals (Kapetanovic et al., 2011). Regular monitoring of cholesterol levels is advisable if you fall into this category and decide to take pterostilbene.

People on certain medications should be particularly careful. Pterostilbene may interact with medications metabolized by the liver, as it can influence cytochrome P450 enzymes. This could potentially alter the effectiveness or toxicity of these medications. If you are taking medications that are metabolized by the liver, such as blood thinners, statins, or medications for mental health conditions, it's crucial to consult your healthcare provider before adding pterostilbene to your regimen.

Individuals with a history of allergic reactions to supplements or specific compounds should also exercise caution. Though rare, allergic reactions to pterostilbene can occur. If you have had allergic reactions to similar compounds, it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider before taking pterostilbene.

Lastly, children and adolescents should generally avoid pterostilbene unless prescribed by a healthcare provider. The safety and efficacy of pterostilbene have not been well-studied in these age groups, making it prudent to avoid its use.

In summary, pregnant and breastfeeding women, individuals with pre-existing medical conditions, those on certain medications, people with a history of allergies to similar compounds, and children and adolescents should avoid taking pterostilbene or consult a healthcare provider before its use. This helps ensure safety and efficacy, tailored to individual health needs.

Pterostilbene, like many supplements, has the potential to interact with certain medications. Understanding these interactions is crucial for ensuring safety and optimizing the therapeutic benefits of both the supplement and the medications being taken.

One of the primary concerns with pterostilbene is its potential to interact with medications metabolized by the liver. Pterostilbene can influence cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4, which play a significant role in drug metabolism. Alterations in the activity of these enzymes can affect the concentration and efficacy of various medications. For example, if pterostilbene inhibits or induces these enzymes, it could either decrease the effectiveness or increase the toxicity of drugs metabolized through these pathways.

Blood thinners such as warfarin or antiplatelet medications like clopidogrel could be particularly affected. Pterostilbene's impact on these enzymes may alter the blood-thinning effects, potentially leading to either an increased risk of bleeding or reduced efficacy of the medication. Individuals on these medications should consult their healthcare provider before starting pterostilbene supplements.

Statins, commonly prescribed for managing cholesterol levels, are another class of drugs that could interact with pterostilbene. Since pterostilbene itself can influence lipid metabolism, combining it with statins might enhance or diminish the overall lipid-lowering effect. Close monitoring of cholesterol levels and liver function is advisable when combining these treatments.

Medications used for mental health conditions, such as antidepressants and antipsychotics, may also interact with pterostilbene. These medications are often metabolized by the liver, and changes in enzyme activity could affect drug levels, potentially leading to altered therapeutic outcomes or side effects.

Additionally, pterostilbene's antioxidant properties may interact with certain chemotherapy drugs. Antioxidants can sometimes protect cancer cells from the oxidative damage that chemotherapy aims to inflict, potentially reducing the treatment's effectiveness. Patients undergoing cancer treatment should consult with their oncologist before taking pterostilbene.

In summary, pterostilbene supplements have the potential to interact with medications metabolized by liver enzymes, including blood thinners, statins, and certain mental health medications. It can also potentially influence the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs. Consulting with a healthcare provider is essential to manage these interactions safely and effectively.

Pterostilbene is found naturally in several foods, although typically in small amounts. For those looking to increase their intake through diet, understanding these natural sources can be beneficial.

One of the richest natural sources of pterostilbene is blueberries. These small berries are not only packed with antioxidants and vitamins but also contain significant amounts of pterostilbene. Incorporating blueberries into your diet, whether fresh, frozen, or in the form of juice, can help you benefit from this compound. A study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry highlights the presence of pterostilbene in blueberries, underscoring its potential health benefits (Rimando et al., 2004).

Grapes and grape leaves are another source of pterostilbene, though in lesser amounts compared to blueberries. Red grapes, in particular, are noted for their content of pterostilbene and other beneficial stilbenoids like resveratrol. Consuming fresh grapes or grape-based products such as wine and grape juice can contribute to your pterostilbene intake.

The bark of the Indian Kino tree (Pterocarpus marsupium) is also a notable source of pterostilbene. This tree has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for various health benefits. Although not commonly found in the average diet, supplements derived from this bark are available and can provide concentrated doses of pterostilbene.

For those who find it challenging to get sufficient pterostilbene from natural food sources, supplements offer a convenient alternative. Pterostilbene supplements are available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and powders. These supplements typically provide a standardized dose, making it easier to achieve the desired intake compared to relying solely on dietary sources.

In summary, the best natural sources of pterostilbene include blueberries, grapes, and the bark of the Indian Kino tree. While these foods can help boost your intake, supplements offer a practical and concentrated way to ensure you receive an adequate amount of pterostilbene for its potential health benefits.

Pterostilbene is available in various forms, catering to different preferences and needs. Each form offers unique advantages in terms of convenience, absorption, and ease of use. Understanding these options can help you choose the most suitable form for your lifestyle and health goals.

1. Capsules and Tablets:
   • Capsules: One of the most common forms of pterostilbene supplements is capsules. These are easy to swallow and are often designed to ensure optimal absorption in the digestive tract. Capsules can be found in various dosages, allowing for flexibility in adjusting the intake based on individual needs.
   • Tablets: Similar to capsules, tablets are also widely used. They may come in different sizes and dosages, and some are designed for extended release to provide a steady supply of pterostilbene over time.
2. Powder:
   • Pterostilbene in powder form offers versatility, as it can be easily added to smoothies, shakes, or other beverages. This form is especially popular among those who prefer to incorporate supplements into their daily dietary routines. Powders can be measured to achieve specific dosages, providing customizable intake.
3. Softgels:
   • Softgels are another convenient option. They often contain pterostilbene in a lipid-based solution, which can enhance absorption. Softgels are typically easy to swallow and can be a good choice for those who have difficulty with regular capsules or tablets.
4. Liquid:
   • Liquid pterostilbene supplements are less common but offer a rapid absorption option. These can be taken directly or mixed with water or other beverages. Liquid forms may be particularly useful for individuals who have trouble swallowing pills.
5. Chewables and Gummies:
   • For those who prefer a more palatable option, pterostilbene is also available in chewable tablets and gummy forms. These are often flavored and can make supplementation more enjoyable, especially for those who dislike swallowing capsules or tablets.
6. Combination Supplements:
   • Pterostilbene is often included in combination supplements alongside other antioxidants, vitamins, or minerals. These multi-ingredient formulations can provide synergistic benefits and simplify supplementation by combining several beneficial compounds into one product.

Each form of pterostilbene has its own set of advantages, and the choice largely depends on personal preference, convenience, and specific health goals. Whether you prefer the straightforward approach of capsules, the versatility of powders, or the convenience of chewables, there's likely a pterostilbene supplement that fits your needs.

Pterostilbene itself is a single, well-defined compound, and its efficacy is primarily attributed to its unique chemical structure. However, it is closely related to other stilbenoids and polyphenolic compounds, which can influence its functionality and effectiveness. Understanding these relationships can provide a deeper insight into its mechanisms and potential synergistic effects.

1. Resveratrol:
   • Pterostilbene is a dimethylated derivative of resveratrol, another well-known stilbenoid found in grapes and red wine. The addition of two methyl groups in pterostilbene enhances its bioavailability and stability compared to resveratrol. While pterostilbene and resveratrol share similar biological activities, pterostilbene's structural modification allows it to be more readily absorbed and utilized by the body. Studies suggest that the enhanced bioavailability of pterostilbene makes it more effective at lower doses compared to resveratrol (Kapetanovic et al., 2011).
2. Polyphenols:
   • Pterostilbene is part of the larger family of polyphenolic compounds, which are known for their antioxidant properties. Other polyphenols, such as quercetin and curcumin, share similar pathways in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. While these compounds are not sub-compounds of pterostilbene, they can work synergistically when taken together, potentially enhancing the overall antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
3. Methyl Groups:
   • The presence of methyl groups in pterostilbene is critical to its efficacy. These methyl groups contribute to the increased lipophilicity of pterostilbene, allowing it to cross cell membranes more easily and achieve higher concentrations in tissues. This structural feature enhances the compound's ability to interact with cellular targets and exert its biological effects more efficiently.
4. SIRT1 Activation:
   • Pterostilbene's ability to activate sirtuin pathways, particularly SIRT1, is a key aspect of its efficacy. SIRT1 is involved in cellular regulation, longevity, and metabolic processes. While SIRT1 is not a sub-compound of pterostilbene, the compound's interaction with this protein is crucial for its beneficial effects on metabolic health and aging. Research indicates that activating SIRT1 can improve insulin sensitivity, support lipid metabolism, and promote healthy aging (Howitz et al., 2003).
5. Combining with Other Antioxidants:
   • Pterostilbene's efficacy can be enhanced when combined with other antioxidants. For example, formulations that include pterostilbene alongside vitamin C, vitamin E, or other polyphenols can provide a broader spectrum of antioxidant defense. This synergistic effect can amplify the individual benefits of each component, offering more comprehensive support for oxidative stress and inflammation reduction.

In summary, while pterostilbene itself is the primary active compound, its efficacy is influenced by its structural relationship with resveratrol, the presence of methyl groups, and its ability to activate critical cellular pathways like SIRT1. Synergistic interactions with other polyphenols and antioxidants can further enhance its overall effectiveness.

Pterostilbene is known by several names and identifiers, which can be useful for recognizing the compound in various contexts, including scientific literature, supplement labels, and product formulations. Here are some of the names, abbreviations, and common misspellings associated with pterostilbene:

1. Chemical Name and Synonyms:
   • Trans-3,5-Dimethoxy-4'-hydroxystilbene: This is the IUPAC name for pterostilbene, reflecting its chemical structure.
   • Dimethylresveratrol: Because pterostilbene is a dimethylated derivative of resveratrol, it is sometimes referred to by this name.
2. Common Misspellings:
   • Pterostilbene can be misspelled in various ways, including "pterostilbin," "pterostilbiene," and "pterostilbne."
3. Abbreviations:
   • Pter: A common abbreviation used in some scientific texts and supplement labels.
   • PTS: Another abbreviation occasionally seen in research contexts.
4. Other Names:
   • Trans-Pterostilbene: Refers to the trans isomer of pterostilbene, which is the biologically active form.
   • Pterocarpus marsupium Extract: While not a direct synonym, this term is related because the Indian Kino tree (Pterocarpus marsupium) is a natural source of pterostilbene.
5. Related Compounds:
   • Resveratrol: While not the same compound, resveratrol is closely related to pterostilbene and often mentioned in the same context due to their structural similarities and overlapping benefits.
   • Stilbenoids: This is the larger class of compounds to which both pterostilbene and resveratrol belong.

Understanding these various names and identifiers can help you recognize pterostilbene in different settings, whether you're reading scientific research, selecting supplements, or exploring natural sources.

When selecting a pterostilbene supplement, it's crucial to scrutinize the label to ensure you're choosing a high-quality product. Here are several key factors to look for:

1. Purity and Standardization:
   • Ingredient Purity: Make sure the supplement lists pterostilbene as a primary ingredient without unnecessary fillers or additives. High-quality supplements will often specify the purity of pterostilbene, indicating it is free from contaminants.
   • Standardized Extracts: Look for supplements that specify a standardized extract of pterostilbene. Standardization ensures consistent potency and effectiveness, typically noted as a specific percentage of pterostilbene content.
2. Dosage Information:
   • Clear Dosage: The label should clearly state the amount of pterostilbene per serving, making it easy to understand how much you are consuming. Common dosages range from 50 mg to 250 mg per serving.
   • Serving Size: Ensure the serving size and the number of servings per container are clearly indicated.
3. Third-Party Testing and Certifications:
   • Third-Party Testing: Look for supplements that have been tested by independent laboratories. Third-party testing can confirm the supplement's purity, potency, and absence of contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and microbes.
   • Certifications: Certifications like NSF International, USP (United States Pharmacopeia), or ConsumerLab are good indicators of product quality and adherence to rigorous standards.
4. Manufacturing Standards:
   • GMP Certification: Ensure the product is manufactured in a facility that follows Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). This certification ensures that the supplement is produced in a clean, controlled environment with stringent quality control measures.
5. Form and Bioavailability:
   • Form of Pterostilbene: Check if the supplement contains pure pterostilbene or if it is combined with other ingredients to enhance bioavailability. Some products may include additional compounds like lipids or other antioxidants to improve absorption.
   • Delivery Form: Consider the form of the supplement (e.g., capsule, tablet, softgel, powder) and choose one that suits your preferences and lifestyle.
6. Additional Ingredients:
   • Other Active Ingredients: If the supplement includes other active ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals, or additional antioxidants, ensure these are clearly listed with their respective dosages.
   • Inactive Ingredients: Review the list of inactive ingredients to check for potential allergens, artificial additives, or unnecessary fillers.
7. Brand Reputation and Transparency:
   • Reputable Brands: Choose supplements from well-known, reputable brands that have a history of producing high-quality products.
   • Transparency: Reliable brands will provide detailed information about sourcing, manufacturing processes, and testing. They may also offer certificates of analysis (CoA) upon request.
8. Expiration Date and Storage Instructions:
   • Expiration Date: Ensure the supplement has a clear expiration date to guarantee its potency and safety.
   • Storage Instructions: Follow any storage instructions on the label to maintain the supplement's efficacy, such as keeping it in a cool, dry place.

By paying attention to these factors, you can select a high-quality pterostilbene supplement that meets your health needs and ensures safety and efficacy.

The information provided on this website, including any text, images, or other material contained within, is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. This page was created by the SuppCo editiorial team, with AI summarization tools, including data from but not limited to following studies: