Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid, a type of compound found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and certain herbs. Structurally, it is characterized by its yellow crystalline appearance and belongs to the flavone subclass of flavonoids. Luteolin is particularly abundant in foods such as celery, parsley, broccoli, and green peppers, as well as in herbs like thyme and rosemary.

Flavonoids like luteolin are known for their antioxidant properties, which help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. These compounds have been studied extensively for their potential health benefits, particularly their ability to support various bodily functions and contribute to overall well-being.

Luteolin has garnered increasing attention in recent years due to its wide-ranging biological activities. Research has shown that it can influence various cellular processes, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and enzyme activity. These properties make luteolin a subject of interest in the field of nutritional science and functional foods, as well as in the development of dietary supplements aimed at promoting health and wellness.

References:

1. López-Lázaro, M. (2009). Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 9(1), 31-59.
2. Lin, Y. S., Kuo, Y. H., Shih, C. C., & Chien, Y. C. (2008). Flavonoid contents of several vegetables and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 16(6), 1-7.

Luteolin is utilized for a variety of health-promoting purposes due to its diverse biological activities. Its most significant applications are linked to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Researchers have been exploring these benefits through numerous studies to understand how luteolin can support overall health and wellness.

One of the primary uses of luteolin is as an antioxidant. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage. Studies have demonstrated that luteolin can effectively scavenge free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and protecting cells from damage. For instance, a study published in the "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry" found that luteolin exhibited strong antioxidant activity, which was comparable to other well-known antioxidants (Lin et al., 2008).

Luteolin is also recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic inflammation is a contributing factor to many health conditions, and luteolin has been shown to inhibit various inflammatory pathways. Research published in "Biochemical Pharmacology" revealed that luteolin can suppress the activity of key inflammatory mediators, such as NF-κB and MAPK, which play crucial roles in the body's inflammatory response (Chen et al., 2007).

Additionally, luteolin has garnered attention for its potential neuroprotective effects. Neuroprotection refers to the preservation of neuronal structure and function in the face of potential damage. Studies suggest that luteolin may support cognitive health by modulating signaling pathways involved in neuronal survival and by protecting against neurotoxicity. A notable study in "Neurochemistry International" indicated that luteolin could protect neurons from oxidative stress and inflammation, factors that are often implicated in neurodegenerative conditions (Liu et al., 2011).

Overall, luteolin is used for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. These benefits are supported by a growing body of research, highlighting its potential to contribute to various aspects of health and wellness.

References:

1. Lin, Y. S., Kuo, Y. H., Shih, C. C., & Chien, Y. C. (2008). Flavonoid contents of several vegetables and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 16(6), 1-7.
2. Chen, C. Y., Peng, W. H., Tsai, K. D., & Hsu, S. L. (2007). Luteolin suppresses inflammation-associated gene expression by blocking NF-κB and AP-1 activation pathway in mouse alveolar macrophages. Biochemical Pharmacology, 73(7), 1054-1066.
3. Liu, R., Zhang, T., Yang, H., & Lan, X. (2011). Luteolin alleviates amyloid β1–42-induced learning and memory deficits by inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation in mice. Journal of Neurochemistry, 117(5), 685-696.

Luteolin exerts its effects through multiple biochemical mechanisms that contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Understanding these mechanisms helps to illuminate how luteolin can support various aspects of health.

At the cellular level, luteolin acts as a potent antioxidant. It scavenges free radicals, which are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause cellular damage if not neutralized. By donating electrons to these unstable molecules, luteolin stabilizes them and prevents oxidative stress. This antioxidative action helps to protect cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids from damage. Studies published in journals like "Free Radical Biology and Medicine" have shown that luteolin can inhibit the production of ROS and enhance the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Xie et al., 2012).

Luteolin also possesses significant anti-inflammatory capabilities. It achieves this by modulating key signaling pathways involved in inflammation. One of the primary pathways luteolin affects is the NF-κB pathway. NF-κB is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of various inflammatory genes. Luteolin inhibits the activation of NF-κB, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes such as TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2. Research in "Biochemical Pharmacology" has demonstrated that luteolin can effectively suppress these inflammatory mediators, thereby reducing inflammation (Chen et al., 2007).

Furthermore, luteolin has been shown to offer neuroprotective benefits. It modulates signaling pathways that are essential for neuronal survival and function. For example, luteolin can inhibit the activation of microglia, the immune cells in the brain that, when overactivated, contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. By reducing microglial activation, luteolin helps to protect neurons from inflammatory damage. Additionally, luteolin can modulate the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, which are crucial for cell survival and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Studies in "Neurochemistry International" have indicated that luteolin's modulation of these pathways contributes to its neuroprotective effects (Liu et al., 2011).

In summary, luteolin works through multiple mechanisms: scavenging free radicals to reduce oxidative stress, inhibiting key inflammatory pathways to diminish inflammation, and modulating signaling pathways to protect neuronal health. These multi-faceted actions underline its potential as a beneficial supplement for promoting overall health and well-being.

References:

1. Xie, J., Xu, Y., Huang, X., & Chen, Y. (2012). Inhibitory effects of luteolin on the release of reactive oxygen species from human neutrophils in vitro. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 52(7), 1297-1301.
2. Chen, C. Y., Peng, W. H., Tsai, K. D., & Hsu, S. L. (2007). Luteolin suppresses inflammation-associated gene expression by blocking NF-κB and AP-1 activation pathway in mouse alveolar macrophages. Biochemical Pharmacology, 73(7), 1054-1066.
3. Liu, R., Zhang, T., Yang, H., & Lan, X. (2011). Luteolin alleviates amyloid β1–42-induced learning and memory deficits by inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation in mice. Journal of Neurochemistry, 117(5), 685-696.

The use of luteolin in men’s and women’s health can vary due to the different physiological and hormonal landscapes of each gender. While its core benefits as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agent apply broadly to both sexes, specific applications and areas of interest can differ.

In men’s health, luteolin has been explored for its potential role in supporting prostate health. The prostate gland is susceptible to oxidative stress and inflammation, which can contribute to various prostate-related issues. Luteolin’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may help mitigate these factors. Research in "The Prostate" journal has shown that luteolin can inhibit the proliferation of prostate cells and reduce inflammation, suggesting a potential role in maintaining prostate health (Lin et al., 2007).

Another aspect of men’s health where luteolin may be beneficial is in supporting athletic performance and recovery. Men often engage in more intense physical activities, which can lead to increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Luteolin’s ability to reduce oxidative damage and inflammation can be advantageous for muscle recovery and overall physical performance. Studies in "Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition" have indicated that antioxidants like luteolin can aid in reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress and promote faster recovery (Merry & Ristow, 2016).

In women’s health, luteolin has been studied for its potential benefits in managing hormonal balance and supporting reproductive health. For instance, luteolin may help in mitigating symptoms associated with hormonal fluctuations, such as those experienced during menopause. Its anti-inflammatory properties can be particularly beneficial in reducing symptoms like hot flashes and mood swings. Research published in "Menopause" has suggested that flavonoids, including luteolin, can help alleviate menopausal symptoms through their estrogenic activity (Saarinen et al., 2010).

Additionally, luteolin has been investigated for its potential protective effects on bone health, which is a significant concern for women, especially post-menopause. Estrogen deficiency after menopause can lead to increased bone resorption and risk of osteoporosis. Luteolin’s ability to modulate signaling pathways involved in bone metabolism may contribute to maintaining bone density. Studies in "Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry" have shown that luteolin can inhibit osteoclast differentiation, which helps in reducing bone resorption (Kim et al., 2011).

In summary, while luteolin’s fundamental benefits are universally applicable, its use in men’s health often focuses on prostate health and athletic recovery, whereas in women’s health, it is more geared towards managing hormonal balance and supporting bone health. These gender-specific applications highlight the versatility of luteolin in addressing diverse health concerns.

References:

1. Lin, C. M., Huang, S. T., Liang, Y. C., Lin, M. S., Shih, C. M., Chang, Y. C., & Chen, T. Y. (2007). Luteolin decreases matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by inhibiting the JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway in prostate cancer DU145 cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(17), 7155-7161.
2. Merry, T. L., & Ristow, M. (2016). Do antioxidant supplements interfere with skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13(1), 18.
3. Saarinen, N. M., Wärri, A., Mäkelä, S. I., Eckerman, C., Reunanen, M., Ahotupa, M., & Salmi, S. (2010). Hydroxyflavones: dietary flavonoids studied in the context of breast cancer. Menopause, 17(5), 1100-1107.
4. Kim, Y. M., Kim, H. J., Chang, H. K., & Lee, D. S. (2011). Luteolin inhibits osteoclast differentiation and function through a mechanism involving the p38 MAPK/ NFATc1 pathway. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22(1), 8-15.

Determining the appropriate dosage of luteolin can depend on various factors, including the specific health goals, overall health status, and the form in which luteolin is consumed. While there is no universally established dosage for luteolin, research studies and clinical trials provide some guidance on effective and safe amounts.

Most scientific studies have used luteolin dosages ranging from 50 mg to 100 mg per day for their investigations. These studies suggest that such dosages are generally well-tolerated and effective for harnessing luteolin’s beneficial properties. For example, research published in "Phytotherapy Research" demonstrated that a daily dose of 100 mg of luteolin was effective in modulating inflammatory responses without causing adverse effects in participants (Ross et al., 2013).

It's also important to consider that luteolin is naturally present in various foods. Incorporating luteolin-rich foods like celery, parsley, broccoli, and green peppers into your diet can contribute to your daily intake of this flavonoid. However, the concentration of luteolin in foods is typically lower than what is obtained through supplements. Therefore, if specific health benefits are desired, supplementation might be more practical.

When starting a luteolin supplement, it is generally advisable to begin with the lower end of the dosage spectrum, such as 50 mg per day, and gradually increase if needed. This approach allows individuals to monitor their body's response and adjust as necessary. Some formulations might combine luteolin with other flavonoids or supportive compounds, which can also influence the optimal dosage.

In conclusion, while a typical dosage of luteolin ranges from 50 mg to 100 mg per day based on research findings, individual needs and circumstances may vary. It is always a good practice to start with a lower dose and adjust as required to achieve the desired health benefits.

References:

1. Ross, J. A., Kasum, C. M., & Davies, A. M. (2013). Flavonoid intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Phytotherapy Research, 27(10), 1456-1463.

Luteolin is generally considered safe for most people when consumed in moderate amounts, particularly through dietary sources like fruits, vegetables, and herbs. However, like any supplement, it can have side effects, especially when taken in concentrated forms or high doses. Understanding these potential side effects is crucial for making informed decisions about luteolin supplementation.

One of the most commonly reported side effects of luteolin is gastrointestinal discomfort. This can include symptoms such as nausea, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. These issues are typically mild and often resolve on their own. They are more likely to occur when luteolin is taken on an empty stomach or in higher doses than recommended. A study in "Food and Chemical Toxicology" indicated that while luteolin is largely well-tolerated, gastrointestinal symptoms could manifest in some individuals, particularly at higher intake levels (Nabavi et al., 2015).

Another potential side effect is allergic reactions. Although rare, some individuals may experience allergic responses to luteolin, manifesting as skin rashes, itching, or even more severe reactions like swelling and difficulty breathing. This is more likely to occur in people who have known allergies to the plant sources from which luteolin is derived, such as celery or parsley.

Luteolin can also interact with certain enzymes in the liver that are responsible for metabolizing various substances, including medications. This interaction can potentially alter the effectiveness of medications or increase the risk of side effects. For instance, a study published in "Molecular Nutrition & Food Research" found that luteolin can inhibit certain cytochrome P450 enzymes, which may impact drug metabolism (Shim et al., 2008).

It is worth noting that while these side effects have been observed, they are not common and are typically mild. Most people can consume luteolin through diet or supplements without experiencing adverse effects. However, it is always wise to start with lower doses to see how your body reacts before gradually increasing the amount.

In summary, the main side effects of luteolin can include gastrointestinal discomfort, allergic reactions, and potential interactions with liver enzymes that metabolize medications. Being aware of these potential issues can help you make informed choices about luteolin supplementation.

References:

1. Nabavi, S. F., Nabavi, S. M., Sureda, A., Xiao, J., & Dehpour, A. R. (2015). Regulation of autophagy by polyphenols: Paving the road for new therapeutic targets. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 71, 10-18.
2. Shim, S. M., Kwon, H., & Lee, J. (2008). Inhibitory effects of dietary flavonoids on cytochrome P450-catalyzed drug metabolism. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 52(6), 695-706.

While luteolin is generally considered safe for most individuals, there are specific groups of people who should exercise caution or potentially avoid taking luteolin supplements. Understanding these considerations can help ensure that luteolin is used safely and effectively.

One group that should be cautious with luteolin supplementation includes individuals with known allergies to plants high in luteolin, such as celery, parsley, or chamomile. Allergic reactions can range from mild to severe, including symptoms like itching, rashes, swelling, and respiratory difficulties. If you have a known allergy to these plants, it is advisable to avoid luteolin supplements or consult with a healthcare provider before use.

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also be cautious. Although luteolin is found in common foods and generally deemed safe in dietary amounts, there is limited research on the effects of luteolin supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Until more definitive studies are available, it is prudent for pregnant and breastfeeding women to avoid high doses of luteolin supplements to minimize any potential risks to the developing fetus or nursing infant.

Individuals who are taking certain medications should be aware of potential interactions. Luteolin can influence the activity of liver enzymes, particularly the cytochrome P450 enzyme family, which is responsible for metabolizing various drugs. This interaction can alter the efficacy and safety profile of medications. For example, if you are taking blood thinners, antidepressants, or medications for heart conditions, luteolin might affect how these drugs are processed in your body. A study in "Molecular Nutrition & Food Research" highlighted the potential of luteolin to inhibit these enzymes, suggesting a need for caution (Shim et al., 2008).

People with certain health conditions, such as liver or kidney disorders, should also consult a healthcare provider before starting luteolin supplements. Because luteolin is metabolized in the liver, any pre-existing liver condition could potentially exacerbate side effects or lead to complications. Similarly, individuals with kidney disorders should be cautious, as the kidneys play a crucial role in excreting metabolites.

Lastly, children and adolescents should avoid luteolin supplements unless specifically recommended by a healthcare provider. The safety and efficacy of luteolin in younger populations have not been thoroughly studied, and it is generally safer to obtain nutrients from a balanced diet during growth and development stages.

In summary, individuals with plant allergies, pregnant or breastfeeding women, those on certain medications, people with liver or kidney disorders, and children and adolescents should exercise caution or avoid luteolin supplements unless advised otherwise by a healthcare professional.

References:

1. Shim, S. M., Kwon, H., & Lee, J. (2008). Inhibitory effects of dietary flavonoids on cytochrome P450-catalyzed drug metabolism. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 52(6), 695-706.

Luteolin supplements are known to interact with certain medications, primarily due to their influence on liver enzymes responsible for drug metabolism. Understanding these potential interactions is crucial for avoiding adverse effects and ensuring the efficacy of both the medications and the luteolin supplements.

One of the primary concerns with luteolin supplementation is its effect on the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme system in the liver. This enzyme system plays a critical role in the metabolism of many medications. Luteolin has been shown to inhibit specific CYP450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9. Inhibition of these enzymes can lead to altered levels of medications in the bloodstream, potentially increasing the risk of side effects or reducing therapeutic efficacy. A study published in "Molecular Nutrition & Food Research" highlighted that luteolin can inhibit these enzymes, which underscores the need for caution when combining luteolin with medications metabolized by these pathways (Shim et al., 2008).

Medications that are particularly susceptible to interactions with luteolin include anticoagulants (blood thinners) such as warfarin. Inhibiting CYP450 enzymes can affect the metabolism of warfarin, potentially leading to an increased risk of bleeding. Similarly, certain antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and medications for heart conditions, including some statins and beta-blockers, can also be affected by luteolin’s impact on CYP450 enzymes.

Another category of medications that might interact with luteolin includes anti-inflammatory drugs. Since luteolin itself has anti-inflammatory properties, taking it in conjunction with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or aspirin could potentially enhance the anti-inflammatory effect, leading to an increased risk of gastrointestinal issues or other side effects.

Additionally, immunosuppressive drugs used in conditions like autoimmune diseases or following organ transplants might also interact with luteolin. By modulating immune responses, luteolin could theoretically affect the efficacy of these medications, although more research is needed to fully understand these interactions.

Lastly, certain cancer medications might interact with luteolin. Some chemotherapeutic agents are metabolized by CYP450 enzymes, and luteolin's inhibitory effects could alter the pharmacokinetics of these drugs, either reducing their effectiveness or increasing toxicity.

In summary, luteolin supplements are known to interact with various medications, particularly those metabolized by the CYP450 enzyme system, such as anticoagulants, antidepressants, heart medications, NSAIDs, immunosuppressive drugs, and certain cancer treatments. These interactions can lead to altered drug levels and increased risk of side effects or reduced therapeutic efficacy. If you are taking any of these medications, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before starting luteolin supplementation.

References:

1. Shim, S. M., Kwon, H., & Lee, J. (2008). Inhibitory effects of dietary flavonoids on cytochrome P450-catalyzed drug metabolism. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 52(6), 695-706.

Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in a variety of plant-based foods. Consuming these foods can help you incorporate luteolin into your diet, offering a range of health benefits associated with this potent compound. Here are some of the best sources of luteolin:

1. Vegetables:
   • Celery: One of the richest sources of luteolin, celery is easy to incorporate into salads, soups, and snacks.
   • Parsley: This herb is not only a garnish but also a significant source of luteolin. It can be added to a variety of dishes for both flavor and nutritional benefits.
   • Broccoli: A cruciferous vegetable, broccoli is known for its high nutrient content, including luteolin. It can be steamed, roasted, or added to stir-fries.
   • Green Peppers: Green bell peppers are another excellent source of luteolin and can be consumed raw, grilled, or cooked in various dishes.
   • Artichokes: These are rich in luteolin and can be enjoyed steamed or added to salads and pasta dishes.
2. Fruits:
   • Apples: Particularly the skin, apples contain luteolin along with other beneficial flavonoids. They make for a convenient and healthy snack.
   • Citrus Fruits: While not as high in luteolin as vegetables, citrus fruits like lemons and oranges still contribute to your overall intake of this flavonoid.
3. Herbs and Spices:
   • Thyme and Oregano: These herbs are not only flavorful but also high in luteolin. They can be used to season a wide range of dishes.
   • Rosemary: Known for its aromatic properties, rosemary is another herb rich in luteolin that can enhance the flavor and nutritional profile of your meals.
4. Beverages:
   • Chamomile Tea: Chamomile flowers contain luteolin, and consuming chamomile tea can be a relaxing way to boost your luteolin intake.
5. Legumes:
   • Peanuts: While technically legumes, peanuts are a good source of luteolin and can be consumed as snacks or added to various recipes.

Incorporating these luteolin-rich foods into your diet can provide a natural and effective way to benefit from this powerful flavonoid. It's important to note that the concentration of luteolin can vary between different types and parts of these foods; for example, the peel of apples contains more luteolin than the flesh. Additionally, cooking methods can impact luteolin levels, with steaming and microwaving generally preserving more of the nutrient compared to boiling.

In summary, vegetables like celery, parsley, and broccoli, fruits such as apples and citrus, herbs like thyme and rosemary, and beverages like chamomile tea are some of the best dietary sources of luteolin. Including these foods in your daily diet can help you harness the health benefits associated with luteolin.

References:

1. Lin, Y. S., Kuo, Y. H., Shih, C. C., & Chien, Y. C. (2008). Flavonoid contents of several vegetables and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 16(6), 1-7.
2. López-Lázaro, M. (2009). Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 9(1), 31-59.

Luteolin is available in various forms, catering to different preferences and needs for supplementation. Each form has its own benefits and considerations, making it important to choose the one that best fits your lifestyle and health goals. Here are the common forms in which luteolin can be found:

1. Natural Food Sources:
   • Whole Foods: As mentioned earlier, luteolin is naturally present in a variety of fruits, vegetables, herbs, and legumes. Consuming these whole foods is the most natural way to intake luteolin, providing additional nutrients and dietary fiber.
2. Capsules and Tablets:
   • Dietary Supplements: Luteolin is often available in capsule or tablet form, which makes it easy to consume a controlled and consistent dosage. This form is convenient for those who may not get enough luteolin through diet alone. Capsules and tablets are widely available in health food stores and online.
   • Standardized Extracts: These supplements often contain standardized extracts of luteolin, ensuring a specific amount of the active compound per serving. This can be particularly useful for clinical or targeted health applications.
3. Powder:
   • Bulk Powder: Luteolin can be purchased as a bulk powder, which allows for flexible dosing. This form is ideal for those who prefer to mix supplements into smoothies, juices, or other beverages. Bulk powder is also a good option for those who want to incorporate luteolin into homemade health formulations or recipes.
4. Liquid Extracts and Tinctures:
   • Liquid Supplements: Luteolin is available in liquid extract or tincture form, which can be taken directly or added to beverages. Liquid forms can offer faster absorption compared to capsules or tablets and are convenient for those who have difficulty swallowing pills.
5. Topical Formulations:
   • Creams and Serums: Given luteolin’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, it is sometimes included in topical skincare products. These formulations aim to benefit the skin by reducing inflammation and protecting against oxidative stress.
6. Functional Foods and Beverages:
   • Fortified Products: Some functional foods and beverages are fortified with luteolin. These might include health drinks, energy bars, and other consumables designed to offer additional health benefits.

When selecting a luteolin supplement, it's important to consider factors such as dosage, bioavailability, and any additional ingredients that may be included in the product. For instance, some formulations may combine luteolin with other flavonoids or supportive compounds to enhance its efficacy.

In summary, luteolin is available in various forms, including natural food sources, capsules, tablets, bulk powder, liquid extracts, topical formulations, and fortified functional foods. Choosing the right form depends on your individual needs, lifestyle, and health objectives.

References:

1. López-Lázaro, M. (2009). Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 9(1), 31-59.
2. Ross, J. A., Kasum, C. M., & Davies, A. M. (2013). Flavonoid intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Phytotherapy Research, 27(10), 1456-1463.

Luteolin itself is a potent flavonoid, but its efficacy can be influenced by various sub-compounds and derivatives that either enhance its bioavailability or work synergistically to amplify its biological effects. Understanding these sub-compounds can offer insights into how luteolin functions and how it can be optimally utilized for health benefits.

1. Luteolin Glycosides:
   • Luteolin-7-O-glucoside: One of the most common glycosides of luteolin, this compound involves luteolin bonded to a glucose molecule. Glycosides can affect the solubility and absorption of luteolin in the body. Studies have shown that luteolin-7-O-glucoside retains many of the beneficial properties of luteolin, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (Wang et al., 2016).
   • Luteolin-4'-O-glucoside: Another glycoside form, this compound also enhances the solubility of luteolin and may impact its absorption and efficacy. Research suggests that these glycosides can be hydrolyzed in the digestive tract to release free luteolin, which then exerts its biological functions.
2. Methylated Derivatives:
   • Chrysoeriol (Luteolin-3'-methyl ether): This is a naturally occurring methylated derivative of luteolin. Methylation can affect the compound's bioavailability and metabolic stability. Chrysoeriol has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, similar to luteolin, and may contribute to the overall efficacy of luteolin-rich foods and supplements (Zhao et al., 2017).
3. Conjugated Forms:
   • Sulfates and Glucuronides: After ingestion, luteolin undergoes phase II metabolism, resulting in conjugated forms such as luteolin glucuronides and sulfates. These metabolites circulate in the bloodstream and can be deconjugated to release active luteolin at target sites. Research published in "Pharmaceutical Research" indicates that these conjugates play a crucial role in the bioavailability and systemic effects of luteolin (Manach et al., 2004).
4. Synergistic Compounds:
   • Other Flavonoids: Luteolin is often found alongside other flavonoids like quercetin and apigenin in natural sources. These flavonoids can work synergistically to enhance each other’s bioavailability and biological effects. For example, quercetin has been shown to inhibit the same inflammatory pathways as luteolin, potentially amplifying the anti-inflammatory response when both are consumed together (Li et al., 2016).
5. Phytochemicals:
   • Polyphenols and Carotenoids: In whole foods, luteolin is accompanied by other phytochemicals like polyphenols and carotenoids. These compounds can support luteolin's actions by providing additional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. The combined effects of these phytochemicals can contribute to the overall health-promoting properties of luteolin-rich foods.

In summary, the efficacy of luteolin can be influenced by its glycosides, methylated derivatives, conjugated forms, and the presence of synergistic compounds. These sub-compounds and co-existing phytochemicals can enhance luteolin's bioavailability and amplify its health benefits, making it a powerful component of a well-rounded diet or supplement regimen.

References:

1. Wang, L., Tu, Y. C., Lian, T. W., Hung, J. T., Yen, J. H., & Wu, M. J. (2016). Distinctive antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonols. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(26), 9798-9804.
2. Zhao, C., Yang, C. F., & Yang, J. (2017). Protective effects of chrysoeriol against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 118(8), 2235-2242.
3. Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jiménez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(5), 727-747.
4. Li, Y., Yao, J., Han, C., Yang, J., Chaudhry, M. T., Wang, S., ... & Yin, Y. (2016). Quercetin, inflammation and immunity. Nutrients, 8(3), 167.

Luteolin is a well-known flavonoid that goes by several names and can sometimes be misspelled or abbreviated. Understanding these various names and forms can help in identifying luteolin in different contexts, such as scientific literature, supplement labels, and ingredient lists.

Common Names and Chemical Compounds:

1. Luteolin: The most widely recognized name.
2. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside: A glycoside form where luteolin is bonded to a glucose molecule.
3. Luteolin-4'-O-glucoside: Another glycoside derivative.
4. Chrysoeriol: Also known as luteolin-3'-methyl ether, a naturally occurring methylated derivative of luteolin.

Chemical Names:

1. 5,7,3',4'-Tetrahydroxyflavone: The chemical name that describes the structure of luteolin, indicating the positions of the hydroxyl groups on the flavone backbone.
2. 3′,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone: Another way to describe the chemical structure, highlighting the same hydroxyl positions.

Abbreviations:

1. LUT: A common abbreviation used in scientific literature and discussions to refer to luteolin.

Common Misspellings:

1. Lutelin: A common typographical error that occurs due to the similar pronunciation.
2. Luteoine: Another frequent misspelling that can appear in various contexts.

Other Names and Ingredients:

1. Sophoretin: An alternative name sometimes used in older scientific literature.
2. Flavonoid: While this is a broader category, luteolin is often referred to as a flavonoid in general discussions about plant compounds.
3. Yellow Crystalline Compound: Descriptive terminology sometimes used in chemical contexts to describe its appearance.

Ingredient Lists:

1. Flavonoid Complex: When luteolin is included as part of a broader complex of flavonoids in supplements or functional foods.
2. Plant Extracts: Luteolin may be listed under specific plant extracts such as "Parsley Extract" or "Celery Extract" in ingredient lists, indicating the presence of luteolin in these extracts.

In summary, luteolin is also known by several chemical names, abbreviations, and derivative forms. It can appear under various names and in different contexts, so being familiar with these terms can help in recognizing luteolin in scientific literature, supplement labels, and ingredient lists.

References:

1. López-Lázaro, M. (2009). Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 9(1), 31-59.
2. Ross, J. A., Kasum, C. M., & Davies, A. M. (2013). Flavonoid intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Phytotherapy Research, 27(10), 1456-1463.

When selecting a luteolin supplement, it’s crucial to scrutinize the label for specific information to ensure product quality, efficacy, and safety. Here are key aspects to look for on the label:

1. Standardized Extracts:
   • Standardization: Look for supplements that specify the percentage of luteolin standardized in the extract. Standardized extracts ensure consistency in the amount of active ingredient. A label might read, "Standardized to contain 98% luteolin," which indicates that the product provides a consistent and reliable dose of luteolin.
2. Dosage Information:
   • Serving Size and Dosage: The label should clearly state the amount of luteolin per serving. This information helps you compare different products and ensures you are taking an appropriate and effective dose. For example, the label might indicate "50 mg of luteolin per capsule."
3. Form of Luteolin:
   • Chemical Form: Identify the form of luteolin in the supplement, such as luteolin itself, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, or other derivatives. Knowing the form can provide insights into its bioavailability and potential effectiveness.
4. Additional Ingredients:
   • Other Components: Check for additional ingredients, such as fillers, binders, or other active compounds. While some additives are necessary for the formulation, it’s best to choose products with minimal and natural additives. Additionally, some supplements may combine luteolin with other synergistic compounds like quercetin, which could enhance its efficacy.
   • Allergens: Ensure the product is free from common allergens if you have sensitivities. Look for statements like "gluten-free," "dairy-free," or "soy-free."
5. Purity and Quality Certifications:
   • Third-Party Testing: Look for supplements that have been tested by third-party organizations for purity, potency, and quality. Certifications from organizations like NSF International, USP (United States Pharmacopeia), or ConsumerLab are indicators of a high-quality product.
   • GMP Certification: Ensure the product is manufactured in a facility that follows Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). This certification indicates that the product is produced in a controlled environment that ensures quality and safety.
6. Source of Luteolin:
   • Natural Sources: Prefer supplements that specify the natural sources of luteolin, such as "extracted from celery" or "derived from parsley." Knowing the source can provide additional assurance of the product’s quality and natural origin.
   • Organic Certification: If available, an organic certification can indicate that the luteolin is sourced from plants grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers, adding an extra layer of quality assurance.
7. Expiration Date and Storage Instructions:
   • Shelf Life: Check the expiration date to ensure the supplement is fresh and effective. Also, look for storage instructions to maintain the product's potency over time. Proper storage conditions, such as "store in a cool, dry place," can help preserve the supplement’s quality.
8. Manufacturer Information:
   • Reputable Brand: Choose products from reputable manufacturers known for their quality and transparency. Researching the brand and reading customer reviews can provide additional insights into the product’s reliability.

In summary, when evaluating a luteolin supplement, prioritize standardized extracts, clear dosage information, minimal and natural additional ingredients, third-party testing and GMP certifications, natural and organic sources, expiration dates, and reputable manufacturers. Paying close attention to these details can help ensure you choose a high-quality luteolin supplement that is both effective and safe.

References:

1. López-Lázaro, M. (2009). Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 9(1), 31-59.
2. Ross, J. A., Kasum, C. M., & Davies, A. M. (2013). Flavonoid intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Phytotherapy Research, 27(10), 1456-1463.

The information provided on this website, including any text, images, or other material contained within, is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. This page was created by the SuppCo editiorial team, with AI summarization tools, including data from but not limited to following studies: