Licorice, scientifically known as Glycyrrhiza glabra, is a plant that belongs to the legume family. It is native to parts of Europe and Asia and has been used for thousands of years in various cultures for its medicinal properties. The term "licorice" typically refers to the root of the plant, which contains a sweet-tasting compound called glycyrrhizin. This compound is significantly sweeter than sugar and is responsible for the characteristic taste of licorice.

Licorice root has a long history of use in traditional medicine. In ancient times, it was used by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans for its therapeutic benefits. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda also feature licorice prominently in their pharmacopeias. It was used to treat a variety of ailments, ranging from respiratory issues and digestive problems to inflammatory conditions and skin disorders.

The modern scientific community has taken an interest in licorice due to its rich profile of bioactive compounds. These include flavonoids, coumarins, and triterpene saponins, in addition to glycyrrhizin. These compounds are believed to contribute to licorice's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting properties. Several studies have been conducted to investigate these effects, making licorice a subject of ongoing research in the field of natural medicine.

In contemporary settings, licorice is not only used medicinally but also as a flavoring agent in food and beverages. It is commonly found in candies, teas, and even some tobacco products. However, it is important to differentiate between the medicinal use of licorice root and its use as a flavoring agent, as the former often involves higher concentrations of bioactive compounds and requires careful dosage and monitoring.

Overall, licorice is a versatile plant with a rich history and a promising future in both traditional and modern medicine. Its multifaceted properties make it a valuable component in various health and wellness applications.

Licorice is used for a variety of health applications, drawing on its rich profile of bioactive compounds such as glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and coumarins. Historically, it has been utilized to treat respiratory issues, digestive disturbances, and inflammatory conditions. Modern research supports some of these traditional uses while also uncovering new potential benefits.

One of the primary uses of licorice is for its anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting properties. Studies have shown that licorice can modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation. For instance, research published in the "Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism" demonstrated that licorice could increase cortisol levels, which play a role in reducing inflammation (Epstein et al., 1978). Another study in "Endocrinology" found that licorice inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an enzyme that converts cortisol to its inactive form, thereby potentiating the action of cortisol (Whorwood et al., 1993).

Licorice is also noted for its antioxidant properties. The flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in licorice contribute to its ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. A study published in "Free Radical Biology & Medicine" identified several antioxidative compounds in licorice root, such as glabridin and hispaglabridin, which were effective in inhibiting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation (Vaya et al., 1997). This antioxidative capacity makes licorice a promising candidate for cardiovascular health, as it may help prevent atherosclerosis by protecting LDL from oxidative modifications.

Moreover, licorice has been used to support digestive health. It is often included in formulations aimed at treating ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL), which has the glycyrrhizin component removed to reduce potential side effects, is particularly popular for these purposes. A study in the "Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology" found that DGL was effective in promoting the healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers.

In women's health, licorice has been investigated for its potential to reduce serum testosterone levels, making it a potential adjuvant treatment for conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hirsutism. Research published in "Steroids" demonstrated that healthy women who consumed licorice had a significant reduction in serum testosterone levels, supporting its use in hormonal regulation (Armanini et al., 2004).

Overall, licorice is a multifaceted herb with a wide range of applications supported by both traditional use and modern scientific research. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hormone-modulating properties make it a valuable tool in natural medicine.

Licorice works through a complex interplay of its bioactive compounds, primarily glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and coumarins. These compounds exert various physiological effects, contributing to licorice's multifaceted health benefits.

Glycyrrhizin is perhaps the most well-known active component of licorice. It is a saponin glycoside that, once ingested, is metabolized into glycyrrhetinic acid. This metabolite inhibits the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which is responsible for converting active cortisol to its inactive form, cortisone. By inhibiting this enzyme, glycyrrhetinic acid increases the levels of active cortisol in the body. This mechanism helps enhance cortisol's anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Studies have shown that this inhibition can lead to increased cortisol availability, which can be beneficial for conditions requiring anti-inflammatory action (Whorwood et al., 1993).

Flavonoids in licorice, such as glabridin, hispaglabridin, and liquiritigenin, contribute to its antioxidant properties. These compounds neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and preventing cell damage. The antioxidative action is particularly significant in protecting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation. Oxidized LDL is a key player in the development of atherosclerosis, so by inhibiting this oxidation, licorice can potentially reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Research published in "Free Radical Biology & Medicine" demonstrated the potent antioxidative capacity of these flavonoids, highlighting their role in protecting against oxidative damage (Vaya et al., 1997).

Licorice also has effects on hormone regulation, particularly concerning testosterone and estrogen. Glycyrrhetinic acid has been shown to inhibit 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17-20 lyase, enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of testosterone. This inhibition can lead to reduced serum testosterone levels, which is beneficial in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hirsutism. A study in the journal "Steroids" found that licorice consumption led to a significant reduction in serum testosterone levels in women, supporting its use in hormonal therapies (Armanini et al., 2004).

Furthermore, licorice has been recognized for its gastroprotective properties. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is particularly noted for its ability to promote mucosal protection and healing in the gastrointestinal tract. It stimulates the production of mucus, which acts as a protective barrier against stomach acids and helps in the healing of ulcers.

In summary, licorice exerts its effects through multiple biochemical pathways involving enzyme inhibition, antioxidant activity, and hormone modulation. These mechanisms collectively contribute to its broad spectrum of health benefits, making it a valuable herb in both traditional and modern medical practices.

Licorice has unique applications in both men's and women's health, addressing specific hormonal and physiological needs that differ between genders. The bioactive compounds in licorice, such as glycyrrhizin and flavonoids, play a crucial role in these gender-specific benefits.

In women's health, licorice is often used for its potential to modulate hormone levels, particularly testosterone. Elevated testosterone levels can contribute to conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hirsutism. Studies have shown that licorice can reduce serum testosterone levels, making it a useful adjunctive therapy for these conditions. For example, research published in "Steroids" found that licorice consumption led to a significant decrease in serum testosterone in healthy women, suggesting its potential in managing hormonal imbalances (Armanini et al., 2004). Additionally, licorice's estrogen-like activity can be beneficial during menopause, helping to alleviate symptoms such as hot flashes and mood swings. Its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties can also support overall reproductive health.

In men's health, licorice is often considered for its effects on cortisol and stress response. Glycyrrhizin, the active component of licorice, inhibits the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), increasing active cortisol levels. This can be particularly beneficial in managing stress-related conditions and supporting adrenal function. However, it's important to note that high doses of licorice can lead to reduced testosterone levels, which might not be desirable for all men. A study in "Endocrinology" demonstrated that licorice could inhibit enzymes involved in testosterone biosynthesis, potentially reducing serum testosterone levels (Whorwood et al., 1993). Therefore, men seeking to use licorice for stress or adrenal support should be mindful of the dosage to avoid unintended hormonal imbalances.

Moreover, licorice's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are beneficial for both men and women, but they may be leveraged differently based on gender-specific health concerns. For instance, in men, these properties can support cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and protecting against atherosclerosis. A study in "Free Radical Biology & Medicine" highlighted the antioxidative capacity of licorice flavonoids in protecting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation, a key factor in preventing cardiovascular diseases (Vaya et al., 1997).

In summary, licorice is used in gender-specific ways to address hormonal imbalances, stress response, and overall health. Women may benefit from its testosterone-lowering and estrogen-like effects, making it useful for conditions like PCOS and menopause. Men, on the other hand, may use licorice for its cortisol-enhancing properties and cardiovascular benefits, while being cautious of its potential to lower testosterone levels. These tailored applications highlight the versatility of licorice in supporting the distinct health needs of both men and women.

The appropriate dosage of licorice can vary significantly depending on the form of licorice used (e.g., whole root, extract, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL)), as well as the specific health condition being addressed. It's important to consider these factors to determine the most effective and safe dosage.

For general health purposes and mild conditions, such as digestive support or mild inflammation, lower doses of licorice are typically recommended. For instance, a common dosage for DGL, which is often used for gastrointestinal issues, is 380-760 mg taken before meals. This form of licorice has had the glycyrrhizin removed, reducing the risk of side effects associated with glycyrrhizin, such as elevated cortisol levels and potential hormonal imbalances.

When using licorice root extract for its anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting properties, dosages generally range from 100 to 800 mg per day. For instance, studies have shown that a daily intake of 100 mg of licorice root extract can be effective in reducing LDL oxidation and promoting cardiovascular health (Fuhrman et al., 1997). Higher dosages, such as 400-800 mg per day, may be used for short-term interventions under medical supervision, especially for conditions requiring potent anti-inflammatory effects.

For hormonal regulation, particularly in women with conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hirsutism, dosages may be adjusted based on individual needs and under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Research suggests that a dosage of around 3.5 grams of licorice root per day can effectively reduce serum testosterone levels (Armanini et al., 2004). However, long-term use and high doses should be carefully monitored to avoid potential adverse effects.

It's also important to note that licorice should not be consumed in excessive amounts or for extended periods without breaks, especially in its whole root form containing glycyrrhizin. Prolonged use can lead to side effects such as hypokalemia (low potassium levels), hypertension, and edema due to its mineralocorticoid-like effects.

In summary, the recommended dosage of licorice depends on the form and intended use:

• For DGL: 380-760 mg before meals for digestive support.
• For general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects: 100-800 mg per day of licorice root extract.
• For hormonal regulation: Approximately 3.5 grams per day, under medical supervision.

Always consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate dosage for your specific needs and to monitor for any potential side effects.

Licorice, while beneficial for many health conditions, can also cause several side effects, particularly when consumed in high doses or over prolonged periods. The primary component responsible for most of these side effects is glycyrrhizin, which can influence various physiological processes.

One of the most common side effects of licorice is its impact on electrolyte balance, specifically potassium levels. Glycyrrhizin inhibits the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which leads to increased levels of active cortisol. This elevation in cortisol mimics the effects of aldosterone, a hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels. As a result, excessive licorice consumption can lead to hypokalemia, a condition characterized by low potassium levels. Symptoms of hypokalemia include muscle weakness, fatigue, and in severe cases, arrhythmia (Walker & Edwards, 1994).

Another significant side effect is hypertension (high blood pressure). The mineralocorticoid-like activity of glycyrrhizin increases sodium retention and fluid volume in the body, which can elevate blood pressure. This effect was demonstrated in a study published in "Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America," which found that excessive licorice consumption could lead to a syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, resulting in both hypokalemia and hypertension (Walker & Edwards, 1994).

Edema, or fluid retention, is another potential side effect of licorice. The same mechanism that causes hypertension and hypokalemia can also lead to the accumulation of excess fluid in tissues, resulting in swelling, particularly in the extremities. This can be uncomfortable and may exacerbate conditions like heart failure in susceptible individuals.

Licorice can also affect hormone levels, particularly testosterone. Studies have shown that glycyrrhetinic acid, a metabolite of glycyrrhizin, can inhibit enzymes involved in testosterone biosynthesis, potentially leading to reduced testosterone levels. While this can be beneficial in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hirsutism, it may be undesirable for men or women who do not require such hormonal modulation (Armanini et al., 2004).

Other side effects may include gastrointestinal issues such as bloating and nausea, particularly when high doses are consumed. Allergic reactions, although rare, can also occur and may manifest as rash, itching, or more severe symptoms like difficulty breathing.

In summary, the main side effects of licorice are:

• Hypokalemia: Low potassium levels, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue.
• Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure due to sodium retention and increased fluid volume.
• Edema: Fluid retention causing swelling in the extremities.
• Hormonal Effects: Reduced testosterone levels, which may be beneficial or undesirable depending on the individual.
• Gastrointestinal Issues: Bloating and nausea.
• Allergic Reactions: Rare but possible, including rash and itching.

Understanding these potential side effects is crucial for the safe use of licorice, particularly in high doses or for extended periods. Always consult with a healthcare provider to ensure proper usage and monitoring.

Certain individuals should exercise caution or avoid taking licorice due to its potential side effects and interactions with specific health conditions or medications. Here are some groups of people who should be particularly careful:

1. Individuals with Hypertension: Given that licorice can elevate blood pressure by increasing sodium retention and fluid volume, it is generally advised that people with hypertension avoid licorice. The mineralocorticoid-like effects of glycyrrhizin can exacerbate high blood pressure and complicate its management (Walker & Edwards, 1994).
2. Those with Kidney Disease: People with kidney disease should avoid licorice because it can affect electrolyte balance, leading to hypokalemia (low potassium levels). The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte homeostasis, and the additional burden from licorice can exacerbate renal dysfunction and increase the risk of complications (Walker & Edwards, 1994).
3. Pregnant Women: Licorice should be used cautiously during pregnancy. High doses of licorice have been associated with an increased risk of preterm labor and low birth weight. A study published in "Psychoneuroendocrinology" suggested that maternal consumption of glycyrrhizin in licorice could affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function in children, potentially leading to long-term developmental issues (Räikkönen et al., 2010).
4. Individuals with Heart Conditions: Due to its potential to cause fluid retention and elevate blood pressure, licorice should be avoided by individuals with heart conditions such as congestive heart failure. The additional fluid volume and strain on the cardiovascular system can worsen heart function and increase the risk of adverse events.
5. People with Hypokalemia: Those with existing low potassium levels should avoid licorice, as it can further reduce potassium levels and lead to severe complications such as muscle weakness, arrhythmias, and even paralysis. Electrolyte imbalances can be particularly dangerous and require careful management.
6. Individuals on Certain Medications: Licorice can interact with various medications, potentially altering their efficacy or increasing the risk of side effects. For instance, it can interact with diuretics, corticosteroids, and medications for high blood pressure, enhancing their effects and leading to complications. Anticoagulants like warfarin can also interact with licorice, affecting blood clotting parameters.
7. People with Hormonal Imbalances: Given that licorice can influence hormone levels, particularly testosterone, individuals with hormonal imbalances should use licorice cautiously. For example, men with conditions related to low testosterone levels might find that licorice exacerbates their symptoms.

In summary, individuals with hypertension, kidney disease, heart conditions, hypokalemia, pregnant women, and those on specific medications or with hormonal imbalances should avoid or exercise caution when using licorice. Always consult with a healthcare provider to determine whether licorice is safe for you, especially if you fall into one of these categories.

Yes, licorice supplements are known to interact with various medications, potentially altering their efficacy or increasing the risk of side effects. These interactions are largely due to the active component glycyrrhizin, which affects enzyme activity, electrolyte balance, and hormone levels. Here are some key interactions to be aware of:

1. Diuretics: Licorice can amplify the effects of diuretics, particularly those that are potassium-sparing. When taken together, the risk of hypokalemia (low potassium levels) is significantly increased, leading to symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, and in severe cases, arrhythmias. Diuretics such as furosemide (Lasix) and hydrochlorothiazide can have their potassium-depleting effects exacerbated by licorice.
2. Antihypertensive Medications: Medications prescribed for high blood pressure, such as ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs, e.g., losartan), and beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol), can be affected by licorice. Licorice can counteract the blood pressure-lowering effects of these medications by promoting sodium retention and increasing fluid volume, leading to elevated blood pressure (Walker & Edwards, 1994).
3. Corticosteroids: Licorice can potentiate the effects of corticosteroids such as prednisone and hydrocortisone. Glycyrrhizin inhibits the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which converts active cortisol to its inactive form, cortisone. This inhibition can lead to higher levels of active cortisol, enhancing the effects of corticosteroids and increasing the risk of side effects like immunosuppression, hyperglycemia, and osteoporosis (Whorwood et al., 1993).
4. Anticoagulants: Licorice can interact with anticoagulant medications like warfarin (Coumadin), affecting blood clotting parameters. Licorice contains compounds that can alter the metabolism of warfarin, potentially increasing the risk of bleeding or reducing the drug's effectiveness. Thus, individuals on anticoagulant therapy should avoid licorice supplements unless closely monitored by a healthcare provider.
5. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and Oral Contraceptives: Licorice has estrogen-like properties and can influence hormone levels, potentially interfering with hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives. This interaction can lead to hormonal imbalances and affect the efficacy of these medications.
6. Digoxin: Licorice can increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. Digoxin, a medication used to treat heart conditions, has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that slight increases in blood levels can lead to toxicity. Licorice-induced hypokalemia can exacerbate digoxin's effects, leading to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and arrhythmias.
7. Antidiabetic Medications: Licorice can affect blood sugar levels and potentially interact with antidiabetic medications such as insulin and metformin. While licorice has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity in some studies, its effects on blood sugar can be unpredictable, necessitating close monitoring of blood glucose levels when used alongside antidiabetic drugs (Jung et al., 2015).

Given these potential interactions, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before starting licorice supplements, especially if you are taking any of the aforementioned medications. Proper medical guidance can help mitigate risks and ensure that licorice is used safely and effectively.

The best sources of licorice come from high-quality, reputable suppliers that ensure the purity and potency of their products. Licorice can be found in various forms, each suited to different needs and preferences. Here are some of the best sources of licorice:

1. Licorice Root: The most traditional form of licorice is the dried root, which can be used to make teas or extracts. Look for organic, non-GMO licorice root to ensure it is free from pesticides and other contaminants. Dried licorice root can be found in health food stores, herbal shops, and online retailers specializing in organic herbs.
2. Licorice Root Extract: Extracts are more concentrated forms of licorice and are available in liquid, powder, or capsule form. These extracts are often standardized to contain specific amounts of glycyrrhizin, ensuring consistent potency. When choosing a licorice root extract, look for products that are third-party tested for quality and potency. Reputable supplement brands often provide this information on their labels or websites.
3. Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL): For individuals concerned about the potential side effects of glycyrrhizin, such as hypertension or hypokalemia, DGL is an excellent option. The glycyrrhizin is removed from DGL, making it safer for long-term use, especially for digestive issues like ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). DGL is commonly available in chewable tablets or capsules and can be found in health food stores and online.
4. Licorice Tea: Licorice tea is a popular and convenient way to consume licorice. It is often blended with other herbs to enhance flavor and therapeutic benefits. When purchasing licorice tea, opt for organic varieties to avoid exposure to pesticides. Brands that specialize in herbal teas, such as Traditional Medicinals or Yogi Tea, often provide high-quality licorice tea options.
5. Licorice Supplements: Capsules and tablets are a convenient way to take licorice, especially for those who prefer not to deal with the taste of licorice root or tea. These supplements can be found in health food stores, pharmacies, and online. As with extracts, it is crucial to choose supplements from reputable brands that offer third-party testing for quality assurance.
6. Topical Licorice Products: Licorice is also used in topical formulations for skin health. Creams and ointments containing licorice extract can help with conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and hyperpigmentation due to its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties. Look for products from reputable skincare brands that use high-quality licorice extract.

When sourcing licorice, always check for certifications such as organic, non-GMO, and third-party testing. These certifications provide assurance that the product is pure, potent, and free from harmful contaminants. Additionally, reading customer reviews and consulting healthcare providers can help you choose the best licorice products for your needs.

In summary, the best sources of licorice include organic dried root, standardized extracts, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL), licorice tea, high-quality supplements, and reputable topical products. Always opt for products that are certified and tested to ensure safety and efficacy.

Licorice is available in a variety of forms, each catering to different preferences and health needs. Here are the most common forms of licorice and their typical uses:

1. Dried Licorice Root: This is the most traditional form of licorice, often used in herbal teas and decoctions. The dried root can be steeped in hot water to make a licorice tea, which is popular for its soothing effects on the throat and digestive system. Dried licorice root is typically found in health food stores, herbal shops, and online retailers specializing in organic herbs.
2. Licorice Root Extract: Extracts are concentrated forms of licorice and are available in liquid, powder, or capsule form. Liquid extracts can be added to water or other beverages, while powdered extracts can be mixed into smoothies or food. Capsules offer a convenient way to consume licorice without dealing with its taste. Extracts are often standardized to contain specific amounts of glycyrrhizin, ensuring consistent potency.
3. Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL): This form of licorice has the glycyrrhizin removed, making it safer for long-term use and reducing the risk of side effects such as hypertension and hypokalemia. DGL is commonly used for digestive issues like ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is available in chewable tablets, capsules, and powders.
4. Licorice Tea: Licorice tea is a popular and convenient way to consume licorice. It is often blended with other herbs to enhance flavor and therapeutic benefits. Licorice tea can be found in health food stores, supermarkets, and online, with many brands offering organic and non-GMO options.
5. Licorice Supplements: Capsules and tablets provide a convenient way to take licorice, especially for those who prefer not to deal with the taste of licorice root or tea. These supplements can be found in health food stores, pharmacies, and online. They are often standardized to ensure consistent dosing of active compounds like glycyrrhizin or flavonoids.
6. Topical Licorice Products: Licorice is also used in creams, lotions, and ointments for its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties. These topical formulations are commonly used to treat skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and hyperpigmentation. They are available from reputable skincare brands and can be found in pharmacies and online.
7. Licorice Candy: While not typically used for medicinal purposes, licorice candy is a popular form of licorice consumption. It is important to distinguish between natural licorice candy, which contains real licorice root extract, and licorice-flavored candy, which may contain artificial flavors and additives. Natural licorice candy can still have significant amounts of glycyrrhizin, so it should be consumed in moderation.
8. Licorice Lozenges: These are often used to soothe sore throats and coughs. Lozenges provide a convenient way to deliver the soothing and anti-inflammatory benefits of licorice directly to the throat.

Each form of licorice has its own unique benefits and is suited to different applications. When choosing a licorice product, consider your specific health needs, preferences, and any potential sensitivities or contraindications. Always opt for products from reputable brands that offer quality assurance through certifications and third-party testing.

In summary, licorice is available in dried root, extracts, DGL, tea, supplements, topical products, candy, and lozenges. Each form offers distinct advantages and can be chosen based on individual needs and preferences.

Licorice contains several bioactive sub-compounds that contribute to its therapeutic efficacy. These compounds work synergistically to provide licorice's wide range of health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hormone-modulating effects. Here are some of the most critical sub-compounds:

1. Glycyrrhizin: Glycyrrhizin is one of the most well-known and studied compounds in licorice. It is a saponin glycoside that is responsible for licorice's characteristic sweet taste. Glycyrrhizin is metabolized into glycyrrhetinic acid in the body, which inhibits the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2). This inhibition increases the levels of active cortisol, enhancing its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Glycyrrhizin is also known for its antiviral properties and has been studied for its potential in treating viral infections.
2. Flavonoids: Licorice contains a variety of flavonoids, including glabridin, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin. These flavonoids have potent antioxidant properties, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Glabridin, in particular, has been extensively studied for its ability to protect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation, a key factor in preventing atherosclerosis (Vaya et al., 1997). Flavonoids also contribute to licorice's anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects.
3. Chalcones: Chalcones such as isoliquiritin and licochalcone A are another group of bioactive compounds found in licorice. These compounds exhibit strong anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Licochalcone A, for example, has been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce oxidative stress, making it beneficial for inflammatory conditions and skin health (Fu et al., 2013).
4. Coumarins: Coumarins, including herniarin and umbelliferone, are present in licorice and contribute to its anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds help improve blood circulation and reduce inflammation, complementing the effects of glycyrrhizin and flavonoids.
5. Polysaccharides: Licorice root contains polysaccharides that enhance its immunomodulatory effects. These complex carbohydrates help stimulate the immune system, increasing the body's resistance to infections and promoting overall health. Polysaccharides also contribute to licorice's soothing effects on the gastrointestinal tract, making it useful for digestive health.
6. Triterpenoids: In addition to glycyrrhizin, licorice contains other triterpenoids such as glycyrrhetinic acid. These compounds have anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties, helping to protect the liver from damage and reduce inflammation throughout the body.
7. Phytoestrogens: Some compounds in licorice, such as glabridin and liquiritigenin, have estrogen-like effects, making them useful in managing hormonal imbalances. These phytoestrogens can help alleviate symptoms of menopause and support overall hormonal health.

In summary, the efficacy of licorice is due to the combined action of several bioactive sub-compounds, including glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, chalcones, coumarins, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and phytoestrogens. Each of these compounds contributes to the wide range of health benefits associated with licorice, from anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects to hormone regulation and immune support. Understanding these critical sub-compounds helps highlight the multifaceted nature of licorice and its potential therapeutic applications.

Licorice, a versatile and widely used plant, is known by various names, chemical compounds, and ingredients. Here are some of the most common ones:

1. Scientific Names:
   • Glycyrrhiza glabra: This is the most commonly referred scientific name for licorice.
   • Glycyrrhiza uralensis: Another species of licorice commonly used, particularly in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
2. Common Names:
   • Licorice: The most widely used common name.
   • Liquorice: The British English spelling of licorice.
   • Sweet Root: Refers to the sweet-tasting nature of the licorice root.
3. Common Misspellings and Abbreviations:
   • Licorish
   • Liquorish
   • Liqorice
   • Lico
   • Lic
4. Chemical Compounds and Active Ingredients:
   • Glycyrrhizin: The primary active compound, also known as glycyrrhizic acid.
   • Glycyrrhetinic Acid: A metabolite of glycyrrhizin, responsible for many of the pharmacological effects.
   • Glabridin: A flavonoid known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
   • Liquiritigenin: Another flavonoid with estrogen-like activity.
   • Isoliquiritigenin: A chalcone with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
   • Licochalcone A: An anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial chalcone.
   • Herniaria: A coumarin found in licorice.
   • Umbelliferone: Another coumarin with anticoagulant properties.
   • Polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates that contribute to licorice's immune-boosting effects.
   • Phytoestrogens: Plant-derived compounds with estrogen-like activity, including glabridin and liquiritigenin.
5. Traditional Names in Various Languages:
   • Gan Cao (甘草): The name for licorice in Traditional Chinese Medicine.
   • Yashtimadhu: The name for licorice in Ayurveda, traditional Indian medicine.
   • Regaliz: The Spanish term for licorice.
   • Réglisse: The French term for licorice.
   • Lakritze: The German term for licorice.
6. Commercial Product Names:
   • DGL (Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice): A specific form of licorice with the glycyrrhizin removed to reduce side effects.
   • Licorice Root Extract: Commonly used in supplements and skincare products.
   • Licorice Tea: A popular herbal tea made from licorice root.

Understanding these various names, compounds, and terms associated with licorice can help in identifying the right products and formulations for specific health needs. It also aids in recognizing licorice across different cultures and medicinal systems, highlighting its global significance and multifaceted applications.

When choosing a licorice supplement, it’s essential to scrutinize the product label to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. Here are the key factors to look for:

1. Standardization:
   • Look for supplements that are standardized to contain specific amounts of active compounds, such as glycyrrhizin or glabridin. Standardization ensures that each dose contains a consistent amount of the active ingredient, which is crucial for efficacy.
2. Certification and Testing:
   • Third-Party Testing: Opt for products that have been tested by independent laboratories to verify their purity, potency, and safety. Labels may display certifications from organizations like NSF International, USP (United States Pharmacopeia), or ConsumerLab.
   • Organic Certification: Organic licorice supplements are grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers, reducing the risk of exposure to harmful chemicals. Look for USDA Organic or similar certifications.
3. Form of Licorice:
   • Identify whether the product contains whole licorice root, licorice root extract, or deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL). DGL is preferable for those concerned about the side effects of glycyrrhizin, such as hypertension or hypokalemia.
   • Ensure that the form of licorice is suitable for your specific health needs (e.g., DGL for digestive issues).
4. Dosage Information:
   • Check the dosage of active ingredients per serving. For glycyrrhizin, typical doses range from 100 to 800 mg per day, depending on the intended use. For DGL, dosages are often around 380-760 mg taken before meals.
   • Confirm that the dosage aligns with recommendations from healthcare providers or existing research studies.
5. Ingredient Transparency:
   • The label should list all ingredients, including any fillers, binders, or additives. Avoid products with unnecessary artificial additives, preservatives, or allergens.
   • Look for supplements with minimal and natural excipients to ensure purity.
6. Manufacturer Information:
   • The label should provide information about the manufacturer, including contact details and location. Reputable companies often provide comprehensive information and are transparent about their sourcing and manufacturing processes.
   • Research the reputation of the manufacturer to ensure they follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).
7. Allergen Information:
   • Ensure the product is free from common allergens (e.g., gluten, soy, dairy) if you have any sensitivities or allergies. Labels should clearly state if the product is hypoallergenic.
8. Expiration Date and Storage Instructions:
   • Check the expiration date to ensure the product is fresh and effective. Proper storage instructions should also be provided to maintain the supplement’s potency.
9. Health Claims:
   • Be cautious of supplements that make exaggerated or unsupported health claims. Reliable products will base their claims on scientific research and provide references or sources for these claims.
10. Certifications and Seals of Approval:
    • Look for certifications such as GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices), NSF, or other quality seals that indicate the product has met rigorous quality standards.

By carefully examining these factors on the label, you can make an informed decision and select a high-quality licorice supplement that is safe, effective, and suited to your health needs. Always consider consulting a healthcare provider for personalized advice, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.

The information provided on this website, including any text, images, or other material contained within, is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. This page was created by the SuppCo editiorial team, with AI summarization tools, including data from but not limited to following studies:

1. P. Methlie, E. Husebye, S. Hustad, E. Lien, K. Løvås (2011). Grapefruit juice and licorice increase cortisol availability in patients with Addison's disease.. European journal of endocrinology, 165 5,
   761-9 . Link: 10.1530/EJE-11-0518
2. A. Ajibare, O. Akintoye, O. Fabunmi, Luqman A Olayak, B. Olofinbiyi, Temitope M Owoeye (2020). Effects of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) on testicular oxidative stress in sleep-deprived male Wistar rats. {"title"=>"", "scimago_quartile"=>nil}, 1, . Link: 10.47838/ACEM.26011977.127122020.ASMEDA.1.8
3. B. Walker, C. Edwards (1994). Licorice-induced hypertension and syndromes of apparent mineralocorticoid excess.. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, 23 2,
   359-77 . Link: 10.1016/S0889-8529(18)30102-6
4. M. R. Deutch, D. Grimm, M. Wehland, M. Infanger, Marcus Krüger (2019). Bioactive Candy: Effects of Licorice on the Cardiovascular System. Foods, 8, . Link: 10.3390/foods8100495
5. H. Jung, H. Na, P. Kim, H. Ryu, Ho-youl Kang (2015). The Effects of Licorice Supplementation on Muscle Injury, Cortisol, Testosterone and Insulin Sensitivity After High Intensity Resistance Exercise. The Korea Journal of Herbology, 30, 37-42. Link: 10.6116/KJH.2015.30.2.37
6. C. Whorwood, M. Sheppard, P. Stewart (1993). Licorice inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase messenger ribonucleic acid levels and potentiates glucocorticoid hormone action.. Endocrinology, 132 6,
   2287-92 . Link: 10.1210/ENDO.132.6.8504732
7. D. Armanini, C. Fiore, M. Mattarello, Jens Bielenberg, Mario Palermo (2002). History of the endocrine effects of licorice.. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 110 6,
   257-61 . Link: 10.1055/S-2002-34587
8. D. Armanini, M. Mattarello, C. Fiore, G. Bonanni, C. Scaroni, P. Sartorato, M. Palermo (2004). Licorice reduces serum testosterone in healthy women. Steroids, 69, 763-766. Link: 10.1016/j.steroids.2004.09.005
9. K. Räikkönen, J. Seckl, K. Heinonen, R. Pyhälä, K. Feldt, Alexander Jones, A. Pesonen, David I. W. Phillips, J. Lahti, A. Järvenpää, J. Eriksson, K. Matthews, T. Strandberg, E. Kajantie (2010). Maternal prenatal licorice consumption alters hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis function in children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 1587-1593. Link: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.010
10. M. Epstein, E. Espiner, R. Donald, H. Hughes, R. Cowles, S. Lun (1978). Licorice raises urinary cortisol in man.. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 47 2,
    397-400 . Link: 10.1210/JCEM-47-2-397
11. I. Jialal, S. Grundy (1993). Effect of combined supplementation with alpha-tocopherol, ascorbate, and beta carotene on low-density lipoprotein oxidation.. Circulation, 88 6,
    2780-6 . Link: 10.1161/01.CIR.88.6.2780
12. B. Fuhrman, N. Volkova, M. Kaplan, D. Presser, J. Attias, T. Hayek, M. Aviram (2002). Antiatherosclerotic effects of licorice extract supplementation on hypercholesterolemic patients: increased resistance of LDL to atherogenic modifications, reduced plasma lipid levels, and decreased systolic blood pressure.. Nutrition, 18 3,
    268-73 . Link: 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00753-5
13. J. Vaya, P. Belinky, M. Aviram (1997). Antioxidant constituents from licorice roots: isolation, structure elucidation and antioxidative capacity toward LDL oxidation.. Free radical biology & medicine, 23 2,
    302-13 . Link: 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00089-0
14. B. Fuhrman, S. Buch, J. Vaya, P. Belinky, R. Coleman, T. Hayek, M. Aviram (1997). Licorice extract and its major polyphenol glabridin protect low-density lipoprotein against lipid peroxidation: in vitro and ex vivo studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 66 2,
    267-75 . Link: 10.1093/AJCN/66.2.267
15. Y. Fogelman, D. Gaitini, E. Carmeli (2016). Antiatherosclerotic effects of licorice extract supplementation on hypercholesterolemic patients: decreased CIMT, reduced plasma lipid levels, and decreased blood pressure. Food & Nutrition Research, 60, . Link: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30830
16. F. Reda, M. El‐Saadony, T. El-Rayes, M. Farahat, G. Attia, M. Alagawany (2021). Dietary effect of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) on quail performance, carcass, blood metabolites and intestinal microbiota. Poultry Science, 100, . Link: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101266
17. P. Belinky, M. Aviram, B. Fuhrman, M. Rosenblat, J. Vaya (1998). The antioxidative effects of the isoflavan glabridin on endogenous constituents of LDL during its oxidation.. Atherosclerosis, 137 1,
    49-61 . Link: 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00251-7
18. B. Fuhrman, N. Volkova, M. Rosenblat, M. Aviram (2000). Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic.. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 2 3,
    491-506 . Link: 10.1089/15230860050192279
19. P. Belinky, M. Aviram, S. Mahmood, J. Vaya (1998). Structural aspects of the inhibitory effect of glabridin on LDL oxidation.. Free radical biology & medicine, 24 9,
    1419-29 . Link: 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00006-9
20. M. Aviram, B. Fuhrman (1998). Polyphenolic flavonoids inhibit macrophage-mediated oxidation of LDL and attenuate atherogenesis.. Atherosclerosis, 137 Suppl,
    S45-50 . Link: 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00306-7
21. G. Jeon, E. Park, Hye-Jin Lee, Myung-Hee Kang (2010). Water extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) Supplementation is related with decreased lipid peroxidation among healthy male smokers with glutathione-S-transferase M1 positive genotype. Food Science and Biotechnology, 19, 511-516. Link: 10.1007/S10068-010-0071-5
22. Magda I. Abo-Samaha, Y. Alghamdi, Set A. El-Shobokshy, Sarah M. Albogami, E. H. A. El-Maksoud, F. Farrag, M. Soliman, M. Shukry, M. E. A. El-Hack (2022). Licorice Extract Supplementation Affects Antioxidant Activity, Growth-Related Genes, Lipid Metabolism, and Immune Markers in Broiler Chickens. Life, 12, . Link: 10.3390/life12060914
23. S. Ojha, Charu Sharma, M. Golechha, J. Bhatia, S. Kumari, D. Arya (2015). Licorice treatment prevents oxidative stress, restores cardiac function, and salvages myocardium in rat model of myocardial injury. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 31, 140 - 152. Link: 10.1177/0748233713491800
24. K. Oganesian, A. Oganisian, L. E. Gukasian (2008). [Lipid peroxidation upon combined exposure to vibration and liquorice preparations].. Gigiena i sanitariia, 3,
    80-1 . Link:
25. B. Fuhrman, N. Volkova, M. Kaplan, D. Presser, J. Attias, T. Hayek, M. Aviram (2002). Antiatherosclerotic effects of licorice extract supplementation on hypercholesterolemic patients: increased resistance of LDL to atherogenic modifications, reduced plasma lipid levels, and decreased systolic blood pressure.. Nutrition, 18 3,
    268-73 . Link: 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00753-5
26. F. Reda, M. El‐Saadony, T. El-Rayes, M. Farahat, G. Attia, M. Alagawany (2021). Dietary effect of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) on quail performance, carcass, blood metabolites and intestinal microbiota. Poultry Science, 100, . Link: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101266
27. Hyo Jung Kim, J. Seo, H. Suh, S. Lim, Jong-Sang Kim (2012). Antioxidant activities of licorice-derived prenylflavonoids. Nutrition Research and Practice, 6, 491 - 498. Link: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.6.491
28. J. Vaya, P. Belinky, M. Aviram (1997). Antioxidant constituents from licorice roots: isolation, structure elucidation and antioxidative capacity toward LDL oxidation.. Free radical biology & medicine, 23 2,
    302-13 . Link: 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00089-0
29. Yu Fu, Jun Chen, Yan-jing Li, Yunfeng Zheng, Ping Li (2013). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of six flavonoids separated from licorice.. Food chemistry, 141 2,
    1063-71 . Link: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.089
30. B. Fuhrman, S. Buch, J. Vaya, P. Belinky, R. Coleman, T. Hayek, M. Aviram (1997). Licorice extract and its major polyphenol glabridin protect low-density lipoprotein against lipid peroxidation: in vitro and ex vivo studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 66 2,
    267-75 . Link: 10.1093/AJCN/66.2.267