Lactobacillus reuteri is a species of probiotic bacteria that naturally inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. It is part of the Lactobacillus genus, which is known for its beneficial effects on gut health. This particular strain is unique due to its ability to colonize various parts of the human body, including the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, skin, and even breast milk. As a result, it has garnered significant attention in the scientific community for its potential health benefits.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Lactobacillus reuteri fits this description well, as it has been shown to interact positively with the human microbiome, the complex community of microorganisms living in our bodies. This interaction is crucial for maintaining a balanced and healthy gut flora, which is essential for overall well-being. The presence of Lactobacillus reuteri in the gut can help inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, thus contributing to a healthier digestive system.

One of the most fascinating features of Lactobacillus reuteri is its versatility. It produces a substance called reuterin, which has antimicrobial properties that can inhibit a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. This makes it particularly effective in promoting gut health and potentially reducing the occurrence of gastrointestinal issues. Additionally, its ability to produce other bioactive compounds, such as short-chain fatty acids, further enhances its role in maintaining gut integrity and function.

In summary, Lactobacillus reuteri is a versatile and beneficial probiotic species with a wide range of health-promoting properties. Its ability to inhabit various parts of the body and produce antimicrobial compounds makes it a valuable addition to the human microbiome. Research continues to explore its full potential, but current evidence already supports its use in enhancing gut health and overall well-being.

Lactobacillus reuteri is utilized for a variety of health benefits, primarily focused on enhancing gut health, reducing gastrointestinal discomfort, and supporting overall well-being. It has been extensively studied for its effects on conditions like constipation, Helicobacter pylori infection, female urinary tract and vaginal health, infant gastrointestinal health, and cholesterol levels.

One of the most well-documented uses of Lactobacillus reuteri is in alleviating constipation. Multiple studies have shown that long-term administration of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with functional constipation. For instance, Riezzo et al. (2017) found that patients experienced reductions in abdominal discomfort, pain, bloating, and improved bowel habits after a 105-day treatment period. Another study by Saviano et al. (2021) corroborated these findings, highlighting the probiotic's effectiveness in modulating gut microbiota and improving gut motility.

Lactobacillus reuteri has also been studied for its role in managing Helicobacter pylori infections, which are a major cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers. A study by Emara et al. (2014) demonstrated that supplementing the standard triple therapy with Lactobacillus reuteri increased the eradication rate of H. pylori by 8.6% compared to placebo. Additionally, it improved gastrointestinal symptoms and reduced the side effects of the antibiotic treatment. Buckley et al. (2018) further supported these findings, showing a significant reduction in H. pylori load and gastrointestinal symptoms after 28 days of supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17648.

In terms of infant gastrointestinal health, Lactobacillus reuteri has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of infantile colic. A meta-analysis by Xu et al. (2015) found that Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 significantly increased treatment effectiveness and decreased crying time in colicky infants within two to three weeks of supplementation. Another study by Szajewska et al. (2013) confirmed these results, demonstrating that exclusively breastfed infants with colic benefited from reduced crying time when given Lactobacillus reuteri.

Lastly, Lactobacillus reuteri has been linked to improved cholesterol levels. Jones et al. (2012) found that Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules significantly reduced LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults. This suggests that Lactobacillus reuteri may be a valuable adjunctive therapy for managing high cholesterol levels.

In summary, Lactobacillus reuteri is used for a wide range of health benefits, including alleviating constipation, managing H. pylori infections, reducing infantile colic, and improving cholesterol levels. Numerous studies support its efficacy in these areas, making it a well-regarded probiotic for enhancing overall health and well-being.

Lactobacillus reuteri operates through multiple mechanisms to promote health and well-being, primarily by influencing the gut microbiome, producing bioactive compounds, and modulating the immune system. Its multifaceted approach allows it to be effective in various health conditions, making it a versatile probiotic.

One of the primary ways Lactobacillus reuteri works is by colonizing the gut and contributing to a balanced microbiome. By establishing itself in the gastrointestinal tract, it competes with harmful bacteria for nutrients and adhesion sites, effectively inhibiting their growth. This competitive exclusion helps maintain a healthy balance of gut flora, which is crucial for digestive health and overall immune function. Studies have shown that Lactobacillus reuteri can modulate the gut microbiota composition, thereby improving gut motility and reducing symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders like constipation and irritable bowel syndrome (Saviano et al., 2021).

Another key mechanism is the production of antimicrobial substances, such as reuterin. Reuterin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound that Lactobacillus reuteri synthesizes from glycerol. This compound has been shown to inhibit a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori, without harming beneficial bacteria. This antimicrobial activity is particularly beneficial in managing infections and maintaining gut health. For instance, studies have demonstrated that Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation can enhance the eradication rates of H. pylori when used alongside standard antibiotic therapies (Emara et al., 2014).

Lactobacillus reuteri also plays a role in modulating the immune system. It can stimulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and enhance the activity of regulatory T cells, which help maintain immune tolerance and prevent excessive inflammatory responses. This immunomodulatory effect is beneficial in conditions characterized by chronic inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease and even some allergic conditions. A study by Savino et al. (2019) indicated that Lactobacillus reuteri could increase the expression of CC-chemokine receptor 7, a marker involved in immune regulation, in infants treated for colic.

Moreover, Lactobacillus reuteri has been shown to impact metabolic pathways, particularly those related to lipid metabolism. It can inhibit the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is crucial for cholesterol synthesis in the liver. By doing so, it helps lower serum cholesterol levels, which can be beneficial for cardiovascular health. Research indicates that Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules can significantly reduce LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic individuals (Jones et al., 2012).

In summary, Lactobacillus reuteri works by colonizing the gut and maintaining a balanced microbiome, producing antimicrobial substances like reuterin, modulating the immune system, and influencing metabolic pathways. These combined mechanisms make it an effective probiotic for a variety of health conditions, ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to cardiovascular health.

Lactobacillus reuteri has unique applications in both men’s and women’s health, tailored to address specific gender-related health concerns. While its core benefits, such as promoting gut health and modulating the immune system, are beneficial for everyone, certain health issues are more prevalent or exclusive to one gender, necessitating targeted use of this versatile probiotic.

In women’s health, Lactobacillus reuteri is particularly noted for its benefits in maintaining vaginal and urinary tract health. The vaginal microbiome plays a critical role in protecting against infections like bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Lactobacillus reuteri can help maintain an acidic vaginal environment, which inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Studies have shown that regular use of Lactobacillus reuteri can reduce the recurrence of UTIs and improve symptoms of bacterial vaginosis by restoring the natural balance of the vaginal microbiota (Saviano et al., 2021). Additionally, during pregnancy, Lactobacillus reuteri can help manage gastrointestinal discomforts and reduce the risk of preterm birth associated with infections, making it a valuable supplement for expecting mothers.

For men, Lactobacillus reuteri may offer specific benefits related to cardiovascular health and metabolic function. Men are generally at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, and Lactobacillus reuteri has been shown to help lower LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels, which are significant risk factors for heart disease. Research indicates that Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 can effectively reduce these cholesterol levels, thereby supporting heart health (Jones et al., 2012). Additionally, men can benefit from the probiotic’s ability to modulate the immune system and reduce systemic inflammation, contributing to overall metabolic health and potentially mitigating the risk of metabolic syndrome, which is more prevalent in men.

While both men and women can benefit from Lactobacillus reuteri’s role in gastrointestinal health, the specific applications in reproductive and urinary health for women and cardiovascular and metabolic health for men highlight the importance of targeted probiotic use. In both sexes, maintaining a balanced gut microbiome is essential for overall health, but the targeted benefits underscore the need for gender-specific health strategies.

In summary, Lactobacillus reuteri is used differently in men’s and women’s health to address specific gender-related concerns. For women, it is particularly beneficial for maintaining vaginal and urinary tract health, while for men, it is valuable for supporting cardiovascular and metabolic health. These targeted applications highlight the probiotic’s versatility and importance in personalized health strategies.

The appropriate dosage of Lactobacillus reuteri can vary depending on the specific health condition being targeted, the formulation of the probiotic supplement, and the individual’s overall health status. However, general guidelines and recommendations from clinical studies can provide a useful framework for determining the right amount to take.

For general gut health and maintenance of a balanced microbiome, a common dosage is typically in the range of 1 to 10 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) per day. This dosage is often sufficient to support digestive health, enhance immune function, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. Many commercially available probiotic supplements containing Lactobacillus reuteri fall within this range, making them convenient for daily use.

When it comes to specific health conditions, the dosage might need to be adjusted. For instance, studies investigating the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on constipation often use a dosage of around 2 to 4 billion CFUs per day. Riezzo et al. (2017) conducted a study where participants with functional constipation were administered Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 at a dose of 2×10^8 CFUs twice daily, showing significant improvement in symptoms over a 105-day period. Similarly, for managing Helicobacter pylori infections, a dosage of 1 to 2 billion CFUs per day has been shown to be effective when used in conjunction with standard antibiotic therapies (Emara et al., 2014).

For infants suffering from colic, the dosage used in clinical trials is typically around 10^8 CFUs per day. For example, a study by Savino et al. (2010) demonstrated that administering Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 at a dose of 10^8 CFUs daily significantly reduced crying time in colicky infants. This dosage is generally considered safe and effective for young children, helping to alleviate symptoms of colic within a few weeks.

In cardiovascular health, where Lactobacillus reuteri is used to manage cholesterol levels, a higher dosage might be recommended. Jones et al. (2012) found that a daily dose of 10^8 CFUs of Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 was effective in reducing LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic adults.

Ultimately, the optimal dosage can depend on various factors, including the specific health goal, the individual's health status, and the particular strain and formulation of the probiotic. It’s always best to follow the manufacturer's guidelines provided on the probiotic supplement packaging and consult with a healthcare provider to tailor the dosage to your specific needs.

In summary, the recommended dosage of Lactobacillus reuteri typically ranges from 1 to 10 billion CFUs per day, depending on the health condition being targeted. For general gut health, a standard dose of 1 to 10 billion CFUs is common, while specific conditions like constipation, H. pylori infections, infant colic, and cholesterol management may require more tailored dosages based on clinical evidence.

Lactobacillus reuteri is generally considered safe for most people when taken in appropriate dosages. However, like any supplement, it can cause side effects in some individuals. These side effects are usually mild and temporary, and they often resolve as the body adjusts to the probiotic. Understanding these potential side effects can help users make informed decisions about incorporating Lactobacillus reuteri into their health regimen.

One of the most common side effects reported with Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation is gastrointestinal discomfort. This can include symptoms like bloating, gas, and mild abdominal pain. These symptoms are typically a result of the body adjusting to the influx of beneficial bacteria and the changes in gut microbiota composition. In most cases, these symptoms are transient and diminish after a few days of continued use. If discomfort persists, it may be advisable to reduce the dosage and gradually increase it as the body adapts.

Another potential side effect is an increase in bowel movements or changes in stool consistency. Some individuals may experience diarrhea or, conversely, constipation when they first start taking Lactobacillus reuteri. These changes are usually temporary and resolve as the gut microbiota stabilizes. It is important to maintain adequate hydration and a balanced diet during this adjustment period to mitigate these effects.

In rare cases, individuals may experience allergic reactions to Lactobacillus reuteri supplements. Symptoms of an allergic reaction can include itching, rash, swelling, dizziness, and difficulty breathing. Although such reactions are uncommon, they warrant immediate medical attention if they occur. It is always a good practice to check the ingredient list of any supplement to ensure there are no components that might trigger an allergic response.

For immunocompromised individuals or those with severe underlying health conditions, there may be a higher risk of adverse effects. These individuals may be more susceptible to infections caused by bacteria, even those considered beneficial. Therefore, it is crucial for people with compromised immune systems to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any probiotic regimen, including Lactobacillus reuteri.

In summary, the main side effects of Lactobacillus reuteri are generally mild and include gastrointestinal discomfort, changes in bowel movements, and in rare cases, allergic reactions. Most side effects are temporary and subside as the body adjusts to the probiotic. However, individuals with compromised immune systems or severe health conditions should consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation.

While Lactobacillus reuteri is generally considered safe for most people, there are certain groups of individuals who should exercise caution or avoid taking this probiotic. Understanding these contraindications can help ensure that its use is both safe and effective.

First and foremost, individuals with compromised immune systems should consult a healthcare provider before taking Lactobacillus reuteri or any probiotic. This includes people undergoing chemotherapy, those with HIV/AIDS, or individuals who have recently had organ transplants. The concern is that, although probiotics are generally beneficial, they are live bacteria and could potentially cause infections in people with weakened immune systems. These infections, although rare, can be severe and require medical intervention.

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also consult their healthcare provider before starting a probiotic regimen. While there is evidence suggesting that Lactobacillus reuteri can be beneficial for both mothers and infants, particularly in reducing the risk of infections and managing gastrointestinal issues, it is always best to seek professional advice to ensure safety for both mother and child. The healthcare provider can offer tailored advice based on the individual's health status and needs.

Infants and young children, especially those with underlying health conditions, should only take Lactobacillus reuteri under the guidance of a pediatrician. While studies have shown that Lactobacillus reuteri can be effective in treating infantile colic and improving gut health in children, dosage and safety need to be carefully managed. The pediatrician can provide specific recommendations and monitor the child for any adverse reactions.

People with severe underlying health conditions, such as heart disease or chronic gastrointestinal disorders, should also seek medical advice before starting Lactobacillus reuteri. Although the probiotic may offer benefits, such as lowering cholesterol levels and improving gut health, the healthcare provider can assess whether it is appropriate given the individual's overall health and existing treatments.

Finally, individuals who have a history of allergies, particularly to dairy or other components commonly found in probiotic supplements, should carefully read product labels and consult a healthcare provider. Some probiotic formulations may contain allergens that could trigger adverse reactions.

In summary, while Lactobacillus reuteri is safe for most people, individuals with compromised immune systems, pregnant or breastfeeding women, infants and young children, people with severe underlying health conditions, and those with a history of allergies should consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation. This ensures that the probiotic is used safely and effectively in accordance with individual health needs.

Lactobacillus reuteri supplements are generally considered safe and are not widely known to interact with medications. However, like any supplement, there are some considerations to keep in mind, particularly for individuals who are on specific medications or have underlying health conditions. Understanding these potential interactions can help ensure that Lactobacillus reuteri is used safely and effectively.

One of the primary considerations is the use of antibiotics. Antibiotics are designed to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, and while they target pathogenic bacteria causing infections, they can also affect the beneficial bacteria in the gut, including probiotics like Lactobacillus reuteri. Taking Lactobacillus reuteri at the same time as antibiotics might reduce the probiotic's efficacy because the antibiotics may kill the probiotic bacteria. To mitigate this, it is often recommended to take the probiotic and antibiotic at different times of the day, typically with a few hours gap between them. This allows the probiotic to colonize the gut without being affected by the antibiotic.

Another consideration is the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Individuals who are on medications that suppress the immune system, such as those used for autoimmune diseases or post-organ transplantation, should consult their healthcare provider before taking Lactobacillus reuteri. Since these medications reduce the body’s ability to fight off infections, introducing live bacteria, even beneficial ones, could potentially pose a risk. The healthcare provider can offer guidance on whether it is safe to use probiotics in conjunction with immunosuppressive therapy.

For individuals taking medications for gastrointestinal conditions, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine-2 blockers, there is generally no direct interaction with Lactobacillus reuteri. However, these medications alter the stomach's pH levels, which could potentially affect the survival rate of the probiotic bacteria as they pass through the stomach. Enteric-coated probiotic formulations can help protect the bacteria from stomach acid, ensuring they reach the intestines where they can be effective.

Additionally, while there are no well-documented interactions between Lactobacillus reuteri and other common medications, such as antihypertensives, antidiabetics, or statins, it is always prudent to consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement. This is especially important for individuals on multiple medications, as the healthcare provider can review the overall treatment plan and ensure there are no contraindications.

In summary, while Lactobacillus reuteri supplements are generally safe and not widely known to interact with medications, individuals on antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs, or other specific medications should consult their healthcare provider. This ensures safe and effective use of the probiotic in conjunction with their existing treatments. Taking probiotics and antibiotics at different times of the day, using enteric-coated formulations, and seeking professional advice are all practical steps to optimize the benefits of Lactobacillus reuteri.

Lactobacillus reuteri can be obtained from a variety of sources, including dietary supplements, fermented foods, and certain dairy products. Each source offers its own advantages, making it easier for individuals to incorporate this beneficial probiotic into their daily routines. Understanding these sources can help you choose the best option to meet your health needs.

One of the most convenient and reliable sources of Lactobacillus reuteri is dietary supplements. These supplements are available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, powders, and liquid formulations. They often provide a standardized dosage of the probiotic, ensuring that you receive an effective amount of beneficial bacteria. Many supplements also incorporate specific strains, such as Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 or Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242, which have been studied for their health benefits. When choosing a supplement, look for products that have been tested for quality and potency, and consider those that are enteric-coated to ensure the bacteria survive stomach acid and reach the intestines.

Fermented foods are another excellent source of Lactobacillus reuteri. Traditional fermented foods have been consumed for centuries and are known for their probiotic content. Sauerkraut, kimchi, and miso are examples of fermented foods that can contain Lactobacillus reuteri, along with other beneficial bacteria. These foods not only provide probiotics but also offer additional nutrients and bioactive compounds that contribute to overall health. Including a variety of fermented foods in your diet can help support a diverse and balanced gut microbiome.

Certain dairy products are also good sources of Lactobacillus reuteri. Yogurt and kefir are two popular options that often contain this probiotic. Some brands specifically fortify their products with Lactobacillus reuteri to enhance their probiotic content. When selecting yogurt or kefir, check the label to ensure that it contains live and active cultures, and look for the inclusion of Lactobacillus reuteri among the listed strains. These dairy products can be easily incorporated into meals and snacks, providing a tasty and nutritious way to boost your probiotic intake.

In addition to these primary sources, some specialized functional foods and beverages are fortified with Lactobacillus reuteri. These products are designed to offer convenient and targeted probiotic support. Examples include probiotic-enhanced juices, bars, and even certain types of chocolate. These functional foods can be a practical option for individuals looking to increase their probiotic intake without making significant changes to their diet.

In summary, the best sources of Lactobacillus reuteri include dietary supplements, fermented foods, certain dairy products, and specialized functional foods. Each source offers its own set of advantages, allowing you to choose the option that best fits your lifestyle and health goals. Whether through supplements, fermented foods, or fortified products, incorporating Lactobacillus reuteri into your daily routine can help support gut health and overall well-being.

Lactobacillus reuteri is available in various forms, making it convenient for individuals to incorporate this beneficial probiotic into their daily routines. Each form has its own set of advantages and can be chosen based on personal preferences, health needs, and lifestyle. Here are the most common forms of Lactobacillus reuteri:

1. Capsules and Tablets: Capsules and tablets are among the most popular and convenient forms of probiotic supplements. They are easy to take, require no preparation, and provide a controlled dosage of Lactobacillus reuteri. Many of these supplements are enteric-coated, which helps protect the probiotics from stomach acid, ensuring they reach the intestines where they can be most effective. Capsules and tablets are ideal for individuals who prefer a straightforward, no-fuss method of supplementation.
2. Powders: Powdered probiotics offer flexibility in how they are consumed. They can be mixed into water, juice, smoothies, or even sprinkled on food. This form is particularly useful for individuals who have difficulty swallowing pills or prefer to incorporate their probiotics into meals. Powders also allow for easy adjustment of dosage, which can be beneficial for those who need to vary their intake based on specific health conditions or needs.
3. Liquid Formulations: Liquid probiotics are another convenient option, especially for children or individuals who prefer not to take capsules or tablets. These formulations often come with a dropper or measuring cap, making it easy to administer the correct dose. Liquid probiotics can be taken directly or mixed into beverages. They are also quickly absorbed, offering potentially faster benefits compared to other forms.
4. Chewable Tablets and Gummies: Chewable tablets and gummies are a popular choice for children and adults who prefer a more palatable form of supplementation. These products are often flavored, making them enjoyable to take. However, it's important to check the ingredient list for added sugars or artificial additives, which may not be desirable for everyone. Chewables and gummies offer a convenient and tasty way to ensure consistent probiotic intake.
5. Fermented Foods: Fermented foods naturally containing Lactobacillus reuteri are an excellent way to incorporate this probiotic into your diet. Foods such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, and miso not only provide probiotics but also offer additional nutrients and bioactive compounds beneficial for health. These foods can be easily included in meals and snacks, making them a versatile option for daily probiotic intake.
6. Functional Foods and Beverages: Some functional foods and beverages are specifically fortified with Lactobacillus reuteri. These can include probiotic-enhanced juices, bars, and even certain types of chocolate. These products are designed to offer a convenient and enjoyable way to consume probiotics, often targeting specific health benefits such as digestive health or immune support.

In summary, Lactobacillus reuteri is available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, powders, liquid formulations, chewable tablets, gummies, fermented foods, and functional foods and beverages. Each form offers unique advantages, allowing individuals to choose the option that best fits their preferences and lifestyle. Whether through supplements or naturally probiotic-rich foods, incorporating Lactobacillus reuteri into your daily routine can help support gut health and overall well-being.

Lactobacillus reuteri’s efficacy as a probiotic is largely attributed to its ability to produce various bioactive compounds that contribute to its health benefits. These sub-compounds play critical roles in promoting gut health, modulating the immune system, and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. Understanding these compounds can give insight into why Lactobacillus reuteri is such an effective probiotic.

1. Reuterin: One of the most significant sub-compounds produced by Lactobacillus reuteri is reuterin. Reuterin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial substance generated during the conversion of glycerol to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde. This compound has been shown to inhibit a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, making it a potent antimicrobial agent. Reuterin’s antimicrobial properties are crucial for maintaining a balanced gut microbiota by suppressing harmful microorganisms while allowing beneficial bacteria to thrive. This activity is particularly beneficial in managing gastrointestinal infections and reducing the overgrowth of potentially harmful bacteria like Helicobacter pylori (Spinler et al., 2008).
2. Lactic Acid: Like other lactobacilli, Lactobacillus reuteri produces lactic acid through the fermentation of carbohydrates. Lactic acid helps lower the pH of the gut environment, creating unfavorable conditions for pathogenic bacteria while promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria. The acidification of the gut also enhances the gut barrier function and supports overall digestive health. Lactic acid's role in maintaining an acidic environment is essential for inhibiting the growth of pathogens and promoting a healthy balance of gut microbiota.
3. Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs): Lactobacillus reuteri contributes to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate. These SCFAs are produced through the fermentation of dietary fibers by gut bacteria and play vital roles in gut health. SCFAs serve as an energy source for colonocytes (cells lining the colon) and help maintain the integrity of the gut barrier. They also have anti-inflammatory properties and contribute to immune modulation. The production of SCFAs by Lactobacillus reuteri supports overall gut health and helps prevent conditions like leaky gut syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases (Rios-Covian et al., 2016).
4. Bile Salt Hydrolase (BSH): Lactobacillus reuteri possesses bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, which enables it to deconjugate bile acids. This activity is significant for cholesterol metabolism, as deconjugated bile acids are less efficiently reabsorbed in the intestines, leading to increased excretion of bile acids and reduced cholesterol levels in the body. BSH activity is one of the mechanisms by which Lactobacillus reuteri can help lower LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels, making it beneficial for cardiovascular health (Jones et al., 2012).
5. Exopolysaccharides (EPS): Lactobacillus reuteri can produce exopolysaccharides (EPS), which are high-molecular-weight polysaccharides secreted by the bacteria. EPS have been shown to have various health benefits, including immunomodulatory effects, enhancing gut barrier function, and promoting the adhesion of beneficial bacteria to the gut lining. EPS production by Lactobacillus reuteri contributes to its ability to enhance gut health and support the immune system.

In summary, the efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri is largely due to the production of critical sub-compounds such as reuterin, lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids, bile salt hydrolase, and exopolysaccharides. These bioactive compounds play essential roles in promoting gut health, modulating the immune system, and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, making Lactobacillus reuteri a highly effective probiotic. Understanding these sub-compounds helps explain the wide range of health benefits associated with this versatile probiotic.

Lactobacillus reuteri is known by several different names and abbreviations, and it might sometimes be referred to by common misspellings or alternative names in literature and product labeling. Understanding these various terms can help ensure clarity when researching or purchasing this probiotic. Here are some of the common names, misspellings, abbreviations, and related terms associated with Lactobacillus reuteri:

1. Scientific Name and Strain Designations:
   • Lactobacillus reuteri: The full scientific name of the species.
   • L. reuteri: A common abbreviation used in scientific literature and on product labels.
   • Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938: A specific strain of Lactobacillus reuteri often referenced in clinical studies and known for its health benefits.
   • Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242: Another well-known strain studied for its cholesterol-lowering effects.
2. Common Misspellings:
   • Lactobacillus ruteri: A frequent misspelling where the "e" is omitted.
   • Lactobacillus reuteri: Sometimes misspelled with variations in the placement of vowels and consonants, such as "Lactobacillus reuterii".
   • Lactobacillus reuterii: Another variation of the misspelling.
3. Synonyms and Related Terms:
   • Reuterin: A bioactive compound produced by Lactobacillus reuteri, known for its antimicrobial properties.
   • Probiotic: A general term for beneficial bacteria, with Lactobacillus reuteri being one of the many probiotic species.
4. Chemical Compounds and Ingredients:
   • Bile Salt Hydrolase (BSH): An enzyme produced by Lactobacillus reuteri that helps in the deconjugation of bile acids, contributing to cholesterol metabolism.
   • Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs): Compounds such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate produced through the fermentation process by Lactobacillus reuteri, which play a role in gut health.
   • Exopolysaccharides (EPS): High-molecular-weight polysaccharides secreted by Lactobacillus reuteri that have immunomodulatory effects and enhance gut barrier function.
5. Product and Brand Names:
   • BioGaia: A popular brand that markets various probiotic products containing Lactobacillus reuteri, particularly the DSM 17938 strain.
   • Reuteri Drops: A term often used for liquid formulations of Lactobacillus reuteri, especially those targeted for infants and children.
   • Reuteri Tablets/Capsules: Common product names for capsule or tablet formulations of Lactobacillus reuteri.
6. Alternative Nomenclature:
   • ATCC PTA 6475: An alternative strain designation sometimes used in research and product labeling.
   • Limosilactobacillus reuteri: A reclassification of the species name based on updated taxonomic studies, though the term Lactobacillus reuteri is still widely used.

In summary, Lactobacillus reuteri is known by several names, abbreviations, and strain designations, and it can sometimes be misspelled. Terms such as L. reuteri, reuterin, and various strain codes like DSM 17938 and NCIMB 30242 are commonly associated with this probiotic. Understanding these various terms and names can help in accurately identifying and researching Lactobacillus reuteri.

When selecting a Lactobacillus reuteri supplement, it's crucial to ensure that the product is of high quality and effective. The label can provide valuable information to help you make an informed choice. Here are some key aspects to look for on the label of a Lactobacillus reuteri supplement to ensure product quality:

1. Strain Specificity:
   • Look for the specific strain of Lactobacillus reuteri listed on the label. High-quality supplements will specify strains like Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 or Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242. Different strains can have different health benefits, and knowing the strain can help you match the supplement to your specific health needs.
2. Colony-Forming Units (CFUs):
   • Check the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) per serving. This indicates the amount of live bacteria in the supplement. A typical effective dose ranges from 1 billion to 10 billion CFUs per day, depending on the intended use. Ensure the CFU count is clearly stated and appropriate for your health goals.
3. Expiration Date and Viability:
   • Ensure the product has a clear expiration date. Probiotics are live organisms, and their viability decreases over time. A reputable product will guarantee the CFU count through the expiration date, not just at the time of manufacture. Look for phrases like "guaranteed potency through expiration" to ensure you are getting an effective dose throughout the product’s shelf life.
4. Storage Instructions:
   • Check the label for storage instructions. Some probiotics require refrigeration to maintain their potency, while others are shelf-stable. Follow the recommended storage guidelines to ensure the bacteria remain viable.
5. Additional Ingredients:
   • Review the list of additional ingredients. High-quality probiotic supplements should have minimal fillers, binders, or artificial additives. Look for products that contain prebiotics like inulin or fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which can help support the growth and activity of the probiotics.
6. Delivery System:
   • Consider the delivery system of the probiotic. Enteric-coated capsules or delayed-release formulations can help protect the bacteria from stomach acid, ensuring they reach the intestines where they are most effective. The label should indicate if the product uses such technology.
7. Third-Party Testing and Certification:
   • Look for third-party testing and certification seals on the label. Certifications from organizations like the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), NSF International, or ConsumerLab.com can provide assurance of the product’s quality, potency, and purity. These certifications indicate that the product has been independently tested and meets high standards.
8. Allergen Information:
   • Check for allergen information if you have food sensitivities or allergies. Ensure the product is free from common allergens like dairy, gluten, soy, and nuts if necessary. The label should clearly state whether the product contains any of these allergens or if it is manufactured in a facility that processes them.
9. Manufacturer Information:
   • Look for information about the manufacturer, including their reputation and contact details. Reputable manufacturers will provide transparent information about their sourcing, manufacturing processes, and quality control measures. They should also have a customer service contact for any questions or concerns.

In summary, when choosing a Lactobacillus reuteri supplement, look for specific strain information, adequate CFU count, expiration date, storage instructions, minimal additional ingredients, effective delivery system, third-party testing and certification, allergen information, and reliable manufacturer details. These factors will help ensure that the supplement is of high quality, effective, and safe for consumption.

The information provided on this website, including any text, images, or other material contained within, is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. This page was created by the SuppCo editiorial team, with AI summarization tools, including data from but not limited to following studies:

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2. V. Ojetti, G. Ianiro, A. Tortora, G. D'angelo, T. D. Di Rienzo, S. Bibbò, A. Migneco, A. Gasbarrini (2014). The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation in adults with chronic functional constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD, 23 4,
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3. M. Kubota, Kazuya Ito, K. Tomimoto, Mitsuharu Kanazaki, K. Tsukiyama, A. Kubota, H. Kuroki, M. Fujita, Y. Vandenplas (2020). Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Magnesium Oxide in Children with Functional Chronic Constipation: A Double-Blind and Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 12, . Link: 10.3390/nu12010225
4. A. Wegner, A. Banaszkiewicz, J. Kierkuś, P. Landowski, A. Korlatowicz-Bilar, S. Więcek, J. Kwiecień, A. Gawrońska, L. Dembinski, G. Czaja-Bulsa, P. Socha (2018). The effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 as an adjunct to macrogol in the treatment of functional constipation in children. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology, 42 5,
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7. E. Niv, T. Naftali, Ron Hallak, N. Vaisman (2005). The efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome--a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study.. Clinical nutrition, 24 6,
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9. A. Saviano, M. Brigida, A. Migneco, Gayani Gunawardena, C. Zanza, M. Candelli, F. Franceschi, V. Ojetti (2021). Lactobacillus Reuteri DSM 17938 (Limosilactobacillus reuteri) in Diarrhea and Constipation: Two Sides of the Same Coin?. Medicina, 57, . Link: 10.3390/medicina57070643
10. G. Riezzo, A. Orlando, B. D’Attoma, M. Linsalata, M. Martulli, F. Russo (2017). Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial on Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938: improvement in symptoms and bowel habit in functional constipation.. Beneficial microbes, 9 1,
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11. M. Buckley, S. Lacey, Andrea M Doolan, E. Goodbody, K. Seamans (2018). The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation in Helicobacter pylori infection: a placebo-controlled, single-blind study. BMC nutrition, 4, . Link: 10.1186/s40795-018-0257-4
12. Nur Izreena Ismail, K. N. M. Nawawi, Deborah Chew Chia Hsin, Kok Wei Hao, Nik Ritza Kosai Nik Mahmood, Gary Lee Chong Chearn, Z. Wong, A. Tamil, H. Joseph, R. R. Raja Ali (2023). Probiotic containing Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17648 as an adjunct treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Helicobacter, 28, . Link: 10.1111/hel.13017
13. R. Francavilla, L. Polimeno, Antonella Demichina, G. Maurogiovanni, B. Principi, G. Scaccianoce, E. Ierardi, F. Russo, G. Riezzo, A. Di Leo, L. Cavallo, A. Francavilla, J. Versalovic (2013). Lactobacillus reuteri Strain Combination In Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 48, 407–413. Link: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000007
14. H. Mehling, A. Busjahn (2013). Non-Viable Lactobacillus reuteri DSMZ 17648 (Pylopass™) as a New Approach to Helicobacter pylori Control in Humans. Nutrients, 5, 3062 - 3073. Link: 10.3390/nu5083062
15. M. Dore, S. Bibbò, M. Loria, R. Salis, A. Manca, G. Pes, D. Graham (2019). Twice‐a‐day PPI, tetracycline, metronidazole quadruple therapy with Pylera® or Lactobacillus reuteri for treatment naïve or for retreatment of Helicobacter pylori. Two randomized pilot studies. Helicobacter, 24, . Link: 10.1111/hel.12659
16. Syed Ibrahim Hassan, Mohammed Baleeqh Uddin, Mohd Ehtesham Kaunaine, Sumayya Sultana, S. Samreen, M. Mohiuddin (2022). A comparative prospective study in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection using Lactobacillus reuteri Vs conventional therapy. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, , . Link: 10.22270/jddt.v12i3-s.5158
17. Chenghai Yang, Liping Liang, Pinjing Lv, Le Liu, Siqi Wang, Zhiqing Wang, Ye Chen (2021). Effects of non‐viable Lactobacillus reuteri combining with 14‐day standard triple therapy on Helicobacter pylori eradication: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Helicobacter, 26, . Link: 10.1111/hel.12856
18. Mingyang Yu, Rongguang Zhang, Peng Ni, Shuaiyin Chen, G. Duan (2019). Efficacy of Lactobacillus-supplemented triple therapy for H. pylori eradication: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 14, . Link: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223309
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20. M. Emara, S. Mohamed, H. Abdel-aziz (2014). Lactobacillus reuteri in management of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 7, 13 - 4. Link: 10.1177/1756283X13503514
21. F. Savino, I. Galliano, Andrea Savino, V. Daprá, P. Montanari, Cristina Calvi, M. Bergallo (2019). Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 Probiotics May Increase CC-Chemokine Receptor 7 Expression in Infants Treated With for Colic. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 7, . Link: 10.3389/fped.2019.00292
22. F. Savino, Lisa Cordisco, V. Tarasco, E. Palumeri, R. Calabrese, R. Oggero, S. Roos, D. Matteuzzi (2010). Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in Infantile Colic: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Pediatrics, 126, e526 - e533. Link: 10.1542/peds.2010-0433
23. Man Xu, Jiao Wang, Ning Wang, Fei Sun, Lin Wang, Xiao-hong Liu, Vincenzo Lionetti (2015). The Efficacy and Safety of the Probiotic Bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for Infantile Colic: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE, 10, . Link: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141445
24. V. Sung, F. D'Amico, M. Cabana, Kim Chau, G. Koren, F. Savino, H. Szajewska, G. Deshpande, C. Dupont, F. Indrio, S. Mentula, Anna Partty, D. Tancredi (2018). Lactobacillus reuteri to Treat Infant Colic: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 141, . Link: 10.1542/peds.2017-1811
25. F. Savino, E. Pelle, E. Palumeri, R. Oggero, R. Miniero (2007). Lactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730) Versus Simethicone in the Treatment of Infantile Colic: A Prospective Randomized Study. Pediatrics, 119, e124 - e130. Link: 10.1542/peds.2006-1222
26. Kim Chau, E. Lau, S. Greenberg, S. Jacobson, Parvaneh Yazdani-Brojeni, Natasha A. Verma, G. Koren (2015). Probiotics for infantile colic: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938.. The Journal of pediatrics, 166 1,
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27. H. Szajewska, E. Gyrczuk, A. Horváth (2013). Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for the management of infantile colic in breastfed infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. The Journal of pediatrics, 162 2,
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28. Mohammad Ali Pourmirzaiee, F. Famouri, Wida Moazeni, A. Hassanzadeh, Maryam Hajihashemi (2020). The efficacy of the prenatal administration of Lactobacillus reuteri LR92 DSM 26866 on the prevention of infantile colic: a randomized control trial. European Journal of Pediatrics, 179, 1619 - 1626. Link: 10.1007/s00431-020-03641-4
29. Angela Pierina Dos Reis Buzzo Zermiani, Ana Luiza Pelissari Peçanha de Paula Soares, Bárbara Leticia da Silva Guedes de Moura, Edson Roberto Arpini Miguel, Luciana Dias Ghiraldi Lopes, N. Santana, T. Da Silva Santos, I. G. Demarchi, Jorge Juarez Teixeira (2021). Evidence of Lactobacillus reuteri to reduce colic in breastfed babies: Systematic review and meta-analysis.. Complementary therapies in medicine, ,
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30. S. Gerasimov, Jesper Gantzel, N. Dementieva, O. Schevchenko, O. Tsitsura, N. Guta, Viktor Bobyk, Vira Kaprus (2018). Role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (FloraActive™) 19070-2 and Lactobacillus reuteri (FloraActive™) 12246 in Infant Colic: A Randomized Dietary Study. Nutrients, 10, . Link: 10.3390/nu10121975
31. T. Singh, R. Malik, Snehal G Katkamwar, G. Kaur (2015). Hypocholesterolemic effects of Lactobacillus reuteri LR6 in rats fed on high-cholesterol diet. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 66, 71 - 75. Link: 10.3109/09637486.2014.953450
32. Matthew P. Koppinger, M. Lopez-Pier, Rinku Skaria, P. R. Harris, J. Konhilas (2020). Lactobacillus reuteri attenuates cardiac injury without lowering cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice fed standard chow.. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, , . Link: 10.1152/ajpheart.00569.2019
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36. M. Taranto, M. Médici, G. Perdigón, A. P. Holgado, G. F. D. Valdez (1998). Evidence for hypocholesterolemic effect of Lactobacillus reuteri in hypercholesterolemic mice.. Journal of dairy science, 81 9,
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38. Jinchi Jiang, Ninghan Feng, Chengcheng Zhang, Fengping Liu, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, Q. Zhai, Wei Chen (2019). Lactobacillus reuteri A9 and Lactobacillus mucosae A13 isolated from Chinese superlongevity people modulate lipid metabolism in a hypercholesterolemia rat model.. FEMS microbiology letters, , . Link: 10.1093/femsle/fnz254
39. Minhee Lee, Jeongjin Park, O. Kim, Dakyung Kim, Min Ji Han, Seon Hwa Kim, Tae Hoon Kim, Jeongmin Lee (2023). Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 (LRC) Inhibits Cholesterol Synthesis and Stimulates Cholesterol Excretion in Animal and Cell Models.. Journal of medicinal food, 26 8,
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41. M. Taranto, M. Médici, G. Perdigón, A. P. Holgado, G. F. D. Valdez (1998). Evidence for hypocholesterolemic effect of Lactobacillus reuteri in hypercholesterolemic mice.. Journal of dairy science, 81 9,
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42. T. Singh, R. Malik, Snehal G Katkamwar, G. Kaur (2015). Hypocholesterolemic effects of Lactobacillus reuteri LR6 in rats fed on high-cholesterol diet. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 66, 71 - 75. Link: 10.3109/09637486.2014.953450
43. M. Taranto, M. Médici, G. Perdigón, A. P. Holgado, G. F. D. Valdez (2000). Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on the prevention of hypercholesterolemia in mice.. Journal of dairy science, 83 3,
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44. M. L. Jones, C. Martoni, S. Prakash (2012). Cholesterol lowering and inhibition of sterol absorption by Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66, 1234-1241. Link: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.126
45. Qianqian Wang, Yufeng He, Xiu-xia Li, Ting Zhang, Ming Liang, G. Wang, Jianxin Zhao, H. Zhang, Wei Chen (2022). Lactobacillus reuteri CCFM8631 Alleviates Hypercholesterolaemia Caused by the Paigen Atherogenic Diet by Regulating the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 14, . Link: 10.3390/nu14061272
46. D. Dirienzo (2014). Effect of probiotics on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: implications for heart-healthy diets.. Nutrition reviews, 72 1,
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47. Jinchi Jiang, Ninghan Feng, Chengcheng Zhang, Fengping Liu, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, Q. Zhai, Wei Chen (2019). Lactobacillus reuteri A9 and Lactobacillus mucosae A13 isolated from Chinese superlongevity people modulate lipid metabolism in a hypercholesterolemia rat model.. FEMS microbiology letters, , . Link: 10.1093/femsle/fnz254
48. Mengyao Lu, Jin Sun, Yuning Zhao, Haowen Zhang, Xinyue Li, Jingbo Zhou, Hongyang Dang, Jidong Zhang, Wenjing Huang, Ce Qi, Duo Li (2022). Prevention of High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia by Lactobacillus reuteri Fn041 Through Promoting Cholesterol and Bile Salt Excretion and Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Functions. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, . Link: 10.3389/fnut.2022.851541
49. A. Malpeli, M. Taranto, R. Cravero, M. Tavella, V. Fasano, D. Vicentin, G. Ferrari, G. Magrini, E. Hebert, G. Valdez, Ana Varea, J. M. Tavella, H. González (2015). Effect of Daily Consumption of Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1098 on Cholesterol Reduction in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6, 1583-1590. Link: 10.4236/FNS.2015.617163
50. M. Jones, C. Martoni, Mathieu Parent, S. Prakash (2011). Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 yoghurt formulation in hypercholesterolaemic adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 107, 1505 - 1513. Link: 10.1017/S0007114511004703