Higenamine, also known as Norcoclaurine, is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, notably the Nandina plant. It belongs to the class of compounds called alkaloids, which are known for their potent biological activities. Higenamine has a long history of use in traditional medicine, particularly in Asian cultures, where it has been utilized for its purported benefits in respiratory health.

In recent years, Higenamine has gained attention in the fitness and wellness communities. This interest is largely due to its potential role as a fat burner and performance enhancer. The compound has been studied for its effects on the cardiovascular system, where it appears to act as a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist. This means that it can stimulate the same receptors that are targeted by certain performance-enhancing compounds, leading to increased heart rate and energy expenditure.

Despite its growing popularity, the scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of Higenamine for these uses is still limited. Most of the available research has been conducted in vitro or in animal models, with fewer studies focusing on its effects in humans. As such, while the preliminary findings are promising, more robust and comprehensive clinical trials are needed to fully understand its benefits and safety profile.

Higenamine is often included in dietary supplements and pre-workout formulas, marketed primarily for its potential to enhance physical performance and support weight management. However, as with any supplement, it's crucial to approach its use with a well-informed perspective and to stay updated with the latest research findings.

Higenamine is primarily used for its potential benefits in enhancing athletic performance, promoting weight loss, and supporting cardiovascular health. These uses are largely based on its biochemical properties and its role as a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, similar to compounds like ephedrine. However, the scientific evidence supporting these claims varies in robustness and scope.

In the realm of athletic performance, Higenamine is often included in pre-workout supplements. It is believed to boost energy levels, improve endurance, and enhance overall physical performance. Some studies suggest that Higenamine can increase heart rate and stimulate lipolysis, the breakdown of fats for energy, which could theoretically contribute to improved exercise outcomes (Zhang et al., 2017). However, the direct impact of Higenamine on performance metrics such as strength, speed, or stamina in humans needs more rigorous investigation.

Regarding weight loss, Higenamine's potential as a fat burner is linked to its ability to stimulate the beta-adrenergic receptors, which play a role in the mobilization of fat stores. A few animal studies have shown that Higenamine can increase fat oxidation and energy expenditure (Li et al., 2015). Yet, human studies are limited and often small in scale, making it challenging to draw definitive conclusions about its effectiveness for weight management in the general population.

Higenamine has also been studied for its cardiovascular effects. Some research indicates that it may help improve blood flow and support heart health by promoting vasodilation and reducing blood pressure (Kimura et al., 1994). These findings are promising, but they are primarily based on animal models or cell cultures. Comprehensive clinical trials in humans are necessary to confirm these cardiovascular benefits.

Overall, while preliminary studies on Higenamine show potential for various uses, the current body of evidence is not sufficient to make strong, conclusive claims. More high-quality, human-based research is essential to fully understand the scope of its benefits and to ensure its safety for widespread use.

Higenamine operates through a multifaceted mechanism of action, primarily involving its role as a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist. This means that it binds to and activates beta-adrenergic receptors, which are part of the sympathetic nervous system. These receptors are involved in the body's "fight or flight" response, and their activation leads to a range of physiological effects.

When Higenamine activates beta-adrenergic receptors, it stimulates the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This molecule acts as a secondary messenger in various biological processes, including the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Elevated levels of cAMP can lead to increased lipolysis, the process of breaking down fat stores into free fatty acids, which the body can then use as an energy source (Ishihara et al., 2000). This is one reason why Higenamine is often marketed as a fat burner.

Additionally, the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors by Higenamine causes an increase in heart rate and cardiac output. This can enhance blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles during physical activity, potentially improving exercise performance and endurance (Zhang et al., 2017). It's this cardiovascular stimulant effect that makes Higenamine a popular ingredient in pre-workout supplements.

Higenamine's interaction with the cardiovascular system doesn't stop at heart rate. It also promotes vasodilation, the widening of blood vessels, which can lead to improved circulation and reduced blood pressure. This occurs because Higenamine can stimulate the release of nitric oxide, a molecule that relaxes the smooth muscles lining the blood vessels (Kimura et al., 1994).

Moreover, Higenamine has been shown to possess antioxidant properties, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. This can potentially confer additional health benefits, such as reduced inflammation and improved cellular health (Chen et al., 2012).

In summary, Higenamine works primarily through its action on beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to increased cAMP levels, enhanced lipolysis, and improved cardiovascular function. These mechanisms underpin its potential uses in weight management, athletic performance, and cardiovascular health. However, while the biochemical pathways are well-understood, more research is needed to fully validate these effects in human populations.

The use of Higenamine does not significantly differ between men and women in terms of its basic physiological effects. However, there may be some nuanced differences in how it is utilized or prioritized within health and fitness regimes based on gender-specific goals and physiological differences.

For men, Higenamine is often leveraged for its potential benefits in enhancing athletic performance and supporting muscle growth. Since men generally have a higher muscle mass and basal metabolic rate, they might be more inclined to use Higenamine to maximize workout intensity and efficiency. The compound's ability to increase heart rate and stimulate fat breakdown can be particularly appealing for men looking to boost their physical performance and achieve lean muscle gains.

In women’s health, Higenamine may also be used for its potential fat-burning properties, but it might be more commonly included in weight management and body composition strategies. Women often face unique challenges related to hormonal fluctuations, which can affect weight and fat distribution. Higenamine’s role in promoting lipolysis and increasing metabolic rate can be beneficial for women aiming to manage their weight or improve body composition, especially when combined with a balanced diet and regular exercise.

Additionally, women might be more sensitive to stimulants like Higenamine due to differences in body size, hormonal profiles, and metabolic rates. It’s crucial for women to start with a lower dosage to assess tolerance and avoid potential overstimulation, which can lead to side effects such as jitteriness or increased heart rate.

While the underlying mechanisms of Higenamine’s action are consistent across genders, the specific applications and considerations can vary. For both men and women, the focus should be on aligning the use of Higenamine with individual health goals and physiological needs. Whether the goal is enhancing athletic performance, supporting weight management, or optimizing overall health, Higenamine can play a role, but its use should be tailored to the unique requirements of each individual.

In summary, while Higenamine's biochemical effects are similar in men and women, the context in which it is used and the dosage considerations can differ. Men may focus more on performance enhancement and muscle growth, while women may prioritize weight management and body composition. As always, personal goals and individual responses should guide the use of any supplement, including Higenamine.

Determining the appropriate dosage of Higenamine can be challenging, as there is no universally established guideline for its optimal intake. The dosage can vary based on individual factors such as body weight, tolerance, and specific health goals. However, existing research and anecdotal reports provide some insights into common dosing practices.

Most studies and supplement formulations suggest a range of 20 to 40 milligrams per day as a starting point. This dosage is generally divided into smaller increments taken throughout the day to maintain stable levels of the compound in the body. For instance, taking 10 to 20 milligrams two to three times per day can help ensure more consistent effects and potentially reduce the risk of side effects (Lee et al., 2013).

It's important to start with the lower end of the dosing spectrum, particularly for individuals who are new to Higenamine or are sensitive to stimulants. Beginning with a smaller dose allows you to assess your body's response and gauge any potential side effects. If well-tolerated, the dosage can be gradually increased to the higher end of the recommended range.

Athletes and fitness enthusiasts often take Higenamine as part of a pre-workout supplement. In this context, a single dose of 20 to 40 milligrams taken approximately 30 minutes before exercise is commonly reported to help enhance performance and energy levels. However, it's crucial to read the specific instructions on any supplement product, as formulations and concentrations can vary.

Given the variability in individual responses and the limited scope of human studies, it's advisable to approach Higenamine supplementation with caution. Monitoring your body's reactions and adjusting the dosage accordingly is key to maximizing benefits while minimizing potential risks.

In summary, a general starting dosage for Higenamine ranges from 20 to 40 milligrams per day, typically divided into smaller doses. Starting with the lower end of this range and gradually increasing based on tolerance and desired effects is a prudent approach. Always refer to product-specific guidelines and consider individual factors when determining the appropriate dosage.

Higenamine, like many supplements, can have side effects, particularly when taken in higher doses or by individuals sensitive to stimulants. Understanding these potential side effects is crucial for anyone considering its use.

One of the primary side effects associated with Higenamine is an increase in heart rate. As a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, Higenamine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, which can lead to tachycardia or an abnormally rapid heart rate. This effect is similar to that of other stimulants and can be more pronounced in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions or sensitivity to stimulants (Lee et al., 2013).

Another common side effect is elevated blood pressure. While Higenamine can promote vasodilation, its stimulating effects on the cardiovascular system may also cause an increase in blood pressure, particularly in those predisposed to hypertension. This can be a concern for individuals with cardiovascular issues and should be monitored closely.

Jitteriness and anxiety are also reported side effects, especially when Higenamine is taken in higher doses. The stimulant nature of the compound can lead to feelings of nervousness, restlessness, and anxiety, mirroring the side effects observed with caffeine or other stimulants. These sensations can be uncomfortable and may interfere with daily activities or sleep patterns.

Digestive issues, such as nausea or upset stomach, have been noted as well. While less common, some individuals may experience gastrointestinal discomfort when taking Higenamine. This can be mitigated by taking the supplement with food or adjusting the dosage.

Headaches are another potential side effect, which may result from the increased blood pressure or changes in blood flow induced by Higenamine. Staying well-hydrated and monitoring your body's response can help manage this issue.

In summary, the main side effects of Higenamine include increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, jitteriness, anxiety, digestive issues, and headaches. These side effects are generally dose-dependent and can vary based on individual sensitivity. Starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing it while monitoring for adverse effects can help minimize these risks. As always, it's important to stay informed and attentive to your body's reactions when using any new supplement.

While Higenamine can offer potential benefits for certain individuals, there are specific groups who should exercise caution or avoid using this supplement altogether due to potential health risks and adverse effects.

Firstly, individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions should avoid Higenamine. Given its stimulating effects on the heart and blood vessels, including increased heart rate and potential elevations in blood pressure, those with heart disease, hypertension, arrhythmias, or other cardiovascular issues may experience exacerbated symptoms or complications. The stimulant nature of Higenamine can pose significant risks for these individuals.

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also refrain from using Higenamine. The safety of Higenamine in these populations has not been adequately studied, and it's crucial to prioritize the health and well-being of both the mother and the child. As such, it is best to avoid any potential risks associated with its use during pregnancy and lactation.

Individuals who are sensitive to stimulants should exercise caution or avoid Higenamine. Those who experience adverse reactions to caffeine or other similar compounds, such as jitteriness, anxiety, insomnia, or palpitations, may find that Higenamine produces similar side effects. Sensitivity to stimulants can vary widely, and even small doses of Higenamine can trigger uncomfortable or harmful reactions in susceptible individuals.

People with thyroid disorders, particularly hyperthyroidism, should be cautious with Higenamine. Hyperthyroidism already results in an overactive metabolism and increased heart rate, and adding a stimulant like Higenamine could further exacerbate these symptoms, leading to potential health risks.

Individuals on certain medications should also avoid Higenamine due to potential interactions. For example, those taking medications for heart conditions, blood pressure, or thyroid issues may experience adverse interactions that could compromise the efficacy of their prescribed treatments or increase the risk of side effects. Consulting with a healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions is essential before starting any new supplement.

Lastly, individuals with anxiety disorders or those prone to panic attacks should be wary of Higenamine. As a stimulant, it can heighten anxiety levels and potentially trigger panic episodes, making it unsuitable for those managing such conditions.

In summary, individuals with cardiovascular conditions, pregnant or breastfeeding women, people sensitive to stimulants, those with thyroid disorders, individuals on certain medications, and those with anxiety disorders should avoid Higenamine. Understanding these contraindications is crucial for ensuring safety and well-being.

Yes, Higenamine supplements are known to potentially interact with certain medications, which is an important consideration for anyone thinking about incorporating this supplement into their routine. Understanding these interactions can help mitigate risks and ensure safety.

One of the primary concerns is the interaction between Higenamine and cardiovascular medications. Given Higenamine's stimulant effects, which include increasing heart rate and blood pressure, it can interfere with medications designed to manage cardiovascular conditions. For example, beta-blockers, which are commonly prescribed to treat high blood pressure and heart arrhythmias, work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors. Higenamine, on the other hand, activates these receptors, potentially counteracting the effects of beta-blockers and leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure (Lee et al., 2013).

Another class of medications that could interact with Higenamine includes antihypertensives, which are used to lower high blood pressure. Since Higenamine can elevate blood pressure, it may reduce the efficacy of these medications, making it more challenging to manage hypertension effectively.

Individuals taking thyroid medication, particularly those for hyperthyroidism, should also be cautious. Higenamine's stimulating properties can exacerbate the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as increased heart rate and anxiety, potentially leading to adverse effects when combined with thyroid medications.

Medications that affect the central nervous system, including stimulants like amphetamines or certain antidepressants, may also interact with Higenamine. Combining these can lead to overstimulation, increasing the risk of side effects such as jitteriness, anxiety, palpitations, and insomnia.

Furthermore, Higenamine may interact with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications. Some studies suggest that Higenamine can influence blood clotting mechanisms, which could potentially interfere with the action of blood thinners, increasing the risk of bleeding complications or reducing the effectiveness of the medication (Zhang et al., 2017).

Lastly, any medication with a narrow therapeutic index, where small changes in dosage can lead to significant effects or side effects, should be considered carefully. Higenamine's influence on metabolic pathways and cardiovascular function can unpredictably alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of such medications.

In summary, Higenamine supplements can interact with cardiovascular medications, antihypertensives, thyroid medications, central nervous system stimulants, anticoagulants, and medications with a narrow therapeutic index. Being aware of these potential interactions is crucial for anyone considering Higenamine supplementation, especially those on prescribed medications.

Higenamine is found naturally in several plant species, making botanical extracts a primary source of this compound. The most recognized sources include plants like Nandina domestica (commonly known as nandina or heavenly bamboo), Aconitum carmichaelii (Chinese aconite), and Asarum heterotropoides (wild ginger). These plants have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, and their extracts are often standardized to provide consistent levels of Higenamine.

Nandina domestica, a shrub native to East Asia, is one of the most common natural sources of Higenamine. The berries and leaves of this plant are particularly rich in the compound. Extracts from Nandina domestica are widely used in dietary supplements, especially those marketed for their potential cardiovascular and performance-enhancing benefits (Li et al., 2015).

Aconitum carmichaelii, another significant source, is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. It contains Higenamine primarily in its roots. However, it's important to note that Aconitum species are known to contain toxic alkaloids, and therefore, extracts used in supplements are carefully processed to ensure safety by isolating the beneficial components, including Higenamine, while removing harmful substances.

Asarum heterotropoides, commonly known as wild ginger, also contains Higenamine. This plant is traditionally used for its stimulant and anti-inflammatory properties. Extracts from its roots and rhizomes are another source of Higenamine used in various supplements.

In addition to these natural sources, Higenamine can also be synthesized in a laboratory setting. Synthetic Higenamine ensures a high level of purity and consistency, making it a popular choice for inclusion in dietary supplements. Synthetic forms allow manufacturers to provide precise dosages and minimize the risk of contamination with other plant compounds.

When sourcing Higenamine, it’s essential to look for products that provide clear information about their origin and extraction methods. High-quality supplements will often specify whether the Higenamine is derived from natural plant sources or synthesized, and they may also provide details on standardization, ensuring consistent and effective dosages.

In summary, the best sources of Higenamine include natural extracts from plants like Nandina domestica, Aconitum carmichaelii, and Asarum heterotropoides, as well as synthetic Higenamine produced in laboratories. Ensuring the source's quality and the extraction method's safety is crucial for obtaining the benefits of Higenamine while minimizing potential risks.

Higenamine is available in various forms to cater to different preferences and needs, making it accessible for a wide range of users. The most common forms of Higenamine include capsules, powders, and liquid extracts, each offering distinct advantages.

Capsules are perhaps the most popular form of Higenamine supplements. They provide a convenient and precise way to consume Higenamine, ensuring consistent dosages. Capsules are easy to incorporate into daily routines, and they often come in standardized doses, making it simple for users to monitor their intake. This form is particularly favored by individuals who prefer a hassle-free, pre-measured option.

Powders offer another versatile form of Higenamine. This format allows for more flexible dosing, as users can measure out the exact amount they need. Powders can be mixed into water, smoothies, or other beverages, which can be particularly appealing for those who dislike swallowing pills. Additionally, powders are often included in pre-workout or intra-workout supplements, where Higenamine is combined with other performance-enhancing ingredients to create a comprehensive formula aimed at boosting athletic performance.

Liquid extracts are another form of Higenamine available in the market. These tinctures can be taken sublingually (under the tongue) for rapid absorption or added to drinks. Liquid extracts offer the advantage of customizable dosing and quick absorption, making them a good option for those who need fast-acting effects. However, the taste of liquid extracts can be a drawback for some users.

In addition to these primary forms, Higenamine is sometimes included as an ingredient in multi-component supplement formulas. These can range from fat burners and weight management products to comprehensive pre-workout supplements. In such formulations, Higenamine is part of a synergistic blend designed to enhance overall efficacy.

For those looking for the purest form of Higenamine, single-ingredient products are available, focusing solely on delivering Higenamine without additional compounds. This can be beneficial for individuals who want to monitor their response to Higenamine alone or prefer to avoid other ingredients that could cause unwanted side effects.

In summary, Higenamine comes in various forms, including capsules, powders, and liquid extracts, each offering unique benefits. Capsules provide convenience and precise dosing, powders offer flexibility and versatility, and liquid extracts allow for quick absorption and customizable doses. Additionally, Higenamine is often found in multi-ingredient supplement formulas designed to enhance specific health and fitness goals.

Higenamine itself is a distinct compound, known chemically as norcoclaurine, and it is the primary active ingredient responsible for its physiological effects. However, understanding the broader context of its efficacy involves recognizing the compound’s interactions and how it functions within the body, rather than focusing on sub-compounds. Higenamine works primarily as a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, and this specific action is central to its efficacy.

That said, while Higenamine does not have sub-compounds per se, its effectiveness can be influenced by its interaction with other bioactive compounds and its presence within complex plant extracts. These interactions can potentially enhance or modulate its activity. For instance, in natural sources like Nandina domestica, Higenamine exists alongside a variety of other alkaloids, flavonoids, and phytochemicals. These accompanying compounds can have synergistic effects, potentially enhancing the bioavailability and efficacy of Higenamine.

One such example is the presence of other alkaloids that may act on different receptor pathways, supporting Higenamine’s overall action. For instance, the combination of Higenamine with other stimulant compounds, such as caffeine, is common in pre-workout supplements. Caffeine, a well-known central nervous system stimulant, can complement Higenamine’s cardiovascular and metabolic effects, potentially leading to enhanced energy, focus, and fat-burning capabilities (Spriet, 2014). This synergistic interaction is not about sub-compounds within Higenamine itself but rather about complementary compounds that can enhance its overall efficacy.

Another consideration is the role of bioavailability enhancers. Certain compounds, such as piperine from black pepper, are known to improve the absorption of various supplements, including Higenamine. When included in formulations, these enhancers can help increase the amount of Higenamine that reaches systemic circulation, thereby maximizing its effects (Shoba et al., 1998).

In summary, while Higenamine does not have critical sub-compounds within its structure, its efficacy can be influenced by the presence of other bioactive compounds in natural extracts or synergistic ingredients in supplement formulations. These additional components can enhance the bioavailability, absorption, and overall effectiveness of Higenamine, making it more potent when used in combination with other supportive compounds.

Higenamine is known by several names, reflecting its presence in various plants and its chemical structure. These alternative names and designations can sometimes cause confusion, so it’s helpful to be aware of them, especially when seeking out Higenamine in supplements or scientific literature.

The most commonly used alternative name for Higenamine is Norcoclaurine. This name is derived from its chemical structure and is frequently used in the context of pharmacological studies and biochemical research.

Another name for Higenamine is 1-(4-Hydroxybenzyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. This is its full chemical name, which describes its molecular structure in detail. It’s less commonly used outside of scientific contexts, but you might encounter it in detailed ingredient lists or research papers.

In traditional medicine, particularly in East Asia, Higenamine is sometimes referred to in the context of its plant sources. For instance, it can be associated with plants like Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Aconitum carmichaelii (Chinese aconite), and Asarum heterotropoides (wild ginger). These botanical names are important for identifying the natural sources of Higenamine.

Common misspellings and abbreviations of Higenamine include variations like higenamin, higennamine, or higenemine. It's crucial to recognize these potential errors when searching for information or products containing Higenamine to ensure you are accessing accurate resources.

In the context of dietary supplements, Higenamine might be listed under its different names or as part of proprietary blends. It’s sometimes included in formulations under the guise of its plant sources, so you might see it as part of "Nandina extract" or "Aconite root extract" in ingredient lists.

To summarize, Higenamine is also known as Norcoclaurine and 1-(4-Hydroxybenzyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. It can be derived from plants such as Nandina domestica, Aconitum carmichaelii, and Asarum heterotropoides. Common misspellings include higenamin, higennamine, and higenemine. Being familiar with these various names and terms can help you better navigate the landscape of Higenamine supplements and research.

When selecting a Higenamine supplement, it's crucial to carefully examine the label to ensure product quality, efficacy, and safety. Here are several key factors to consider:

Purity and Standardization

1. Active Ingredient Concentration: Ensure that the label clearly states the amount of Higenamine per serving. This helps you understand the dosage and manage your intake effectively.
2. Standardization: Look for supplements that specify the standardization of Higenamine. Standardized extracts guarantee a consistent amount of the active ingredient in each dose, which is crucial for efficacy.

Source and Form

3. Source of Higenamine: The label should identify whether the Higenamine is derived from natural plant sources such as Nandina domestica or synthesized in a laboratory. Knowing the source can provide insights into the supplement’s purity and potential efficacy.
4. Form of Supplement: Verify the form of the supplement—whether it is a capsule, powder, or liquid extract. This can help you choose the form that best suits your preferences and needs.

Additional Ingredients

5. Other Ingredients: Check for any additional ingredients, such as fillers, binders, or artificial additives. High-quality supplements will minimize unnecessary additives and focus on delivering the active ingredient.
6. Synergistic Compounds: Some formulations include complementary ingredients like caffeine or piperine to enhance the effects and bioavailability of Higenamine. Ensure these are clearly listed and research their effects to understand how they might interact with Higenamine.

Quality Assurance

7. Third-Party Testing: Look for supplements that have been tested by independent third-party organizations. Certifications from groups like NSF International, USP (United States Pharmacopeia), or ConsumerLab indicate that the product has been tested for purity, potency, and contaminants.
8. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP): Ensure the product is manufactured in a facility that follows GMP guidelines. This information is often included on the label or the manufacturer’s website and indicates adherence to high standards in production and quality control.

Dosage and Usage Instructions

9. Clear Dosage Instructions: The label should provide clear instructions on how to take the supplement, including the recommended dosage and any specific timing considerations (e.g., taking it before a workout).
10. Warnings and Contraindications: High-quality products will include warnings or contraindications, such as advising against use in individuals with specific health conditions or those taking certain medications. This is a sign of a responsible manufacturer.

Expiration Date and Batch Number

11. Expiration Date: Ensure the supplement has an expiration date, which indicates the period during which the product is expected to remain effective and safe to use.
12. Batch Number: A batch or lot number allows for traceability, which is important in the event of a recall or if you have a concern about the product.

In summary, when examining the label of a Higenamine supplement, look for clear information on active ingredient concentration, source, form, additional ingredients, quality assurance certifications, dosage instructions, warnings, expiration dates, and batch numbers. These elements collectively ensure you are choosing a high-quality, effective, and safe supplement.

The information provided on this website, including any text, images, or other material contained within, is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. This page was created by the SuppCo editiorial team, with AI summarization tools, including data from but not limited to following studies: