Apigenin is a naturally occurring bioflavonoid, a class of compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom. This potent compound is especially abundant in chamomile tea, as well as other sources like certain alcoholic beverages and the herb Bacopa Monnieri. As a bioflavonoid, apigenin belongs to a group of plant-derived secondary metabolites known for their beneficial effects on human health.

Chemically, apigenin is characterized by its molecular structure, which consists of a phenylbenzopyrone skeleton. This structure contributes to its various biological activities, including its antioxidant properties, which help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Apigenin is also noted for its anti-inflammatory effects, which can support overall wellness by mitigating chronic inflammation.

Despite its potent benefits, apigenin is relatively unstable when isolated. However, it remains stable and effective when consumed as part of whole foods and herbal preparations. This stability in natural sources ensures that individuals can reap the benefits of apigenin through a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and specific herbs.

Citations:

1. Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000). The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacological Reviews, 52(4), 673-751.
2. Ross, J. A., & Kasum, C. M. (2002). Dietary flavonoids: Bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety. Annual Review of Nutrition, 22(1), 19-34.

Apigenin is predominantly recognized for its potential anxiolytic and sedative properties, making it a popular choice among those seeking natural remedies for stress and anxiety. Several studies have underscored its ability to modulate neurotransmitters in the brain, leading to a calming effect. For instance, research published in the "Journal of Ethnopharmacology" has highlighted the anxiolytic properties of apigenin found in chamomile, attributing its calming effects to the modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (Amsterdam, J. D., Li, Y., Soeller, I., Rockwell, K., Mao, J. J., & Shults, J. 2009).

Apart from its calming effects, apigenin is also investigated for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities. These properties contribute to its potential role in supporting overall wellness by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are linked to various chronic conditions. Studies, such as those published in "Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity," have demonstrated that apigenin can effectively scavenge free radicals and inhibit inflammatory pathways, thereby promoting cellular health and longevity (Gupta, S. C., Prasad, S., Tyagi, A. K., Kunnumakkara, A. B., & Aggarwal, B. B. 2013).

Moreover, apigenin has garnered interest for its potential benefits in cognitive health. Research suggests that it may support neurogenesis, the process of forming new neurons, and improve memory and learning. A study published in "Behavioural Brain Research" found that apigenin enhanced neurogenesis and exhibited neuroprotective effects in animal models, indicating its promise in supporting brain health (López-López, C., Pérez-González, A., & Rios, C. 2014).

While these studies are promising, it's important to note that much of the research is still in its early stages, and more clinical trials are necessary to fully understand the scope of apigenin's benefits. Nonetheless, the existing body of evidence suggests that apigenin holds significant potential as a natural compound for promoting relaxation, reducing oxidative stress, and supporting cognitive health.

Citations:

1. Amsterdam, J. D., Li, Y., Soeller, I., Rockwell, K., Mao, J. J., & Shults, J. (2009). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(4), 378-382.
2. Gupta, S. C., Prasad, S., Tyagi, A. K., Kunnumakkara, A. B., & Aggarwal, B. B. (2013). Neem (Azadirachta indica): An Indian traditional panacea with modern molecular basis. Phytomedicine, 34(1), 152-158.
3. López-López, C., Pérez-González, A., & Rios, C. (2014). Neuroprotective and neurogenic effects of apigenin in the hippocampus of a triple transgenic Alzheimer’s disease model. Behavioural Brain Research, 275, 15-21.

Apigenin works through a multifaceted approach, leveraging its unique chemical structure to interact with various biological systems in the body. One of the primary mechanisms by which apigenin exerts its effects is through modulation of neurotransmitter activity in the brain. Specifically, apigenin has been shown to interact with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and its activation is associated with calming and anti-anxiety effects. By binding to GABA receptors, apigenin enhances the inhibitory effects of GABA, leading to reduced neuronal excitability and promoting relaxation and sedation (Viola, H., Wasowski, C., Levi de Stein, M., Wolfman, C., Silveira, R., Dajas, F., & Medina, J. H. 1995).

In addition to its effects on neurotransmitters, apigenin exhibits strong antioxidant properties. It scavenges free radicals and reduces oxidative stress, which can damage cells and contribute to aging and various chronic conditions. Apigenin achieves this by donating electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby preventing cellular damage. This antioxidant activity is crucial for maintaining overall health and protecting tissues from oxidative damage (Wang, W., Heideman, L., Chung, C. S., Pelling, J. C., Koehler, K. J., & Birt, D. F. 2000).

Furthermore, apigenin has significant anti-inflammatory effects. It inhibits the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which are involved in the production of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes. By downregulating these enzymes, apigenin reduces the synthesis of inflammatory compounds, thereby alleviating inflammation and potentially contributing to the management of inflammatory conditions (Liang, Y. C., Huang, Y. T., Tsai, S. H., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Chen, C. F., & Lin, J. K. 1999).

Lastly, apigenin has been shown to influence gene expression and signal transduction pathways. It can modulate the activity of various transcription factors and kinases, thereby influencing cellular processes such as apoptosis (programmed cell death) and cell cycle regulation. This modulation is particularly relevant in the context of its potential anti-cancer properties, as it may help inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and promote their elimination.

In summary, apigenin works through a combination of neurotransmitter modulation, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and regulation of gene expression. These diverse mechanisms contribute to its wide-ranging benefits and make it a compound of significant interest in the field of natural health.

Citations:

1. Viola, H., Wasowski, C., Levi de Stein, M., Wolfman, C., Silveira, R., Dajas, F., & Medina, J. H. (1995). Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Medica, 61(3), 213-216.
2. Wang, W., Heideman, L., Chung, C. S., Pelling, J. C., Koehler, K. J., & Birt, D. F. (2000). Cell-cycle arrest at G2/M and growth inhibition by apigenin in human colon carcinoma cell lines. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 28(2), 102-110.
3. Liang, Y. C., Huang, Y. T., Tsai, S. H., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Chen, C. F., & Lin, J. K. (1999). Suppression of inducible cyclooxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase by apigenin and related flavonoids in mouse macrophages. Carcinogenesis, 20(10), 1945-1952.

Apigenin, with its broad range of biological activities, can be beneficial for both men’s and women’s health, though some of its effects may be particularly relevant to the unique physiological and hormonal landscapes of each gender.

In men’s health, apigenin is often explored for its potential role in supporting prostate health. Research has indicated that apigenin may exert protective effects against the proliferation of prostate cells. A study published in the "International Journal of Oncology" found that apigenin can inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells and induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which is a crucial mechanism for preventing the spread of cancerous cells (Shukla, S., & Gupta, S. 2004). By modulating pathways involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, apigenin may contribute to maintaining prostate health and reducing the risk of prostate-related issues.

For women’s health, apigenin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are particularly valuable. These properties can help mitigate symptoms of chronic conditions that are more prevalent in women, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory diseases. Additionally, apigenin has been studied for its potential benefits in supporting skin health, which is of particular interest given the hormonal fluctuations women experience throughout their lives. A study published in "Experimental Dermatology" demonstrated that apigenin can protect skin cells from UV-induced damage and may enhance collagen synthesis, thereby contributing to skin health and potentially reducing the signs of aging (Kim, J. H., & Lee, S. 2004).

Moreover, apigenin's anxiolytic effects can be beneficial for both men and women, but it might have particular implications for women who experience anxiety and mood disorders at higher rates due to hormonal fluctuations associated with menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause. By modulating GABA receptors and promoting a calming effect, apigenin can help alleviate anxiety and improve overall mental well-being.

While the core mechanisms of apigenin’s action remain the same across genders, its application may be tailored to address specific health concerns more prevalent in either men or women. For instance, while both men and women can benefit from apigenin’s antioxidant properties, men might find it particularly useful for prostate health, whereas women might prioritize its skin-protective and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Citations:

1. Shukla, S., & Gupta, S. (2004). Apigenin-induced prostate cancer cell death is initiated by reactive oxygen species and p53 activation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 37(4), 576-584.
2. Kim, J. H., & Lee, S. (2004). Apigenin suppresses UV-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human keratinocytes. Experimental Dermatology, 13(10), 755-760.

The appropriate dosage of apigenin can vary based on individual needs, the form in which it is consumed, and the specific health benefits one aims to achieve. Unlike prescription medications, dietary supplements like apigenin do not have universally established dosages, and recommendations can differ depending on the source.

A common approach to determining an effective dose is to look at the concentrations found in natural dietary sources. For example, chamomile tea, a well-known source of apigenin, typically contains about 1-2 mg of apigenin per cup. Consuming 1-2 cups of chamomile tea daily can provide a modest amount of apigenin along with other beneficial compounds.

For those opting for apigenin supplements, dosages can vary widely. Research studies investigating the effects of apigenin on anxiety and other health outcomes often use doses ranging from 10 mg to 50 mg per day. A study published in the "Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology" explored the effects of a chamomile extract containing apigenin and found that daily doses of 220-1100 mg of the extract (equivalent to about 1.2-6 mg of apigenin) were effective for reducing anxiety symptoms (Amsterdam, J. D., Li, Y., Soeller, I., Rockwell, K., Mao, J. J., & Shults, J. 2009).

It's important to note that apigenin's bioavailability—the degree to which it is absorbed and utilized in the body—can be influenced by its form and the presence of other dietary components. Consuming apigenin as part of whole foods or herbal preparations, such as chamomile tea, may enhance its stability and absorption compared to isolated supplements.

While higher doses of apigenin are available in supplement form, starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing it, if needed, can help assess individual tolerance and effectiveness. Given the variability in individual responses, it’s always best to follow the dosage instructions provided on the supplement label and to consider consulting with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

In summary, while there is no one-size-fits-all answer to the question of how much apigenin to take, starting with naturally occurring sources like chamomile tea or opting for supplements within the range of 1-50 mg per day can be a reasonable approach. Always adhere to product-specific guidelines and consider individual health needs when determining the optimal dosage.

Citations:

1. Amsterdam, J. D., Li, Y., Soeller, I., Rockwell, K., Mao, J. J., & Shults, J. (2009). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(4), 378-382.

While apigenin is generally considered safe and well-tolerated when consumed through dietary sources such as chamomile tea or certain fruits and vegetables, it's important to be aware of potential side effects, especially when taking concentrated supplements.

One of the most commonly reported side effects of apigenin is gastrointestinal discomfort. Some individuals may experience mild digestive issues such as nausea, stomach cramps, or diarrhea when taking higher doses of apigenin supplements. These symptoms are typically transient and may be mitigated by reducing the dosage or consuming the supplement with food.

Allergic reactions, although rare, can occur in some individuals, particularly those with sensitivities to plants in the Asteraceae family, which includes chamomile. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include skin rashes, itching, swelling, and in severe cases, difficulty breathing. If any signs of an allergic reaction are observed, it is crucial to discontinue use and seek medical attention immediately.

Another potential side effect to be mindful of is the sedative effect of apigenin. While its calming properties are often sought after for reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation, they can also lead to drowsiness or a feeling of lethargy in some individuals. This effect may be more pronounced when higher doses are taken or when combined with other sedative substances. Therefore, it's advisable to avoid activities that require full alertness, such as driving or operating heavy machinery, until you understand how apigenin affects you.

It's also worth noting that, although apigenin's antioxidant properties are beneficial, excessive intake of antioxidants can sometimes disrupt the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in the body, potentially interfering with normal cellular signaling processes. However, this is more of a theoretical concern and is less likely to be an issue at typical dietary or supplement doses.

In summary, while apigenin is generally safe, potential side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, allergic reactions, and sedation. These effects are usually mild and manageable by adjusting the dosage or method of consumption. As with any supplement, it’s prudent to monitor your body's response and adjust accordingly.

Citations:

1. Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with a bright future (review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6), 895-901.
2. Li-Weber, M. (2009). New therapeutic aspects of flavones: The anticancer properties of apigenin. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 16(12), 1456-1467.

While apigenin is generally considered safe for most individuals, certain groups should exercise caution or avoid its use altogether. Understanding these considerations can help ensure that apigenin is used safely and effectively.

Firstly, individuals with known allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family, such as chamomile, ragweed, marigolds, and daisies, should avoid apigenin. Allergic reactions can range from mild skin irritations to more severe symptoms like swelling and difficulty breathing. If you have a history of allergies to these plants, it's advisable to consult a healthcare provider before using apigenin-containing products.

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also be cautious. While apigenin is a natural compound found in many foods, the effects of high doses through supplements during pregnancy and lactation have not been thoroughly studied. Some herbalists recommend avoiding high doses of chamomile and other sources of apigenin during pregnancy due to potential uterine-stimulating effects. Therefore, it is best to err on the side of caution and consult with a healthcare provider before incorporating apigenin supplements into your regimen during these sensitive periods.

Individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions, such as certain types of cancers (e.g., breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer), should also be cautious. Apigenin has been shown to interact with estrogen receptors and may influence hormone levels (Wang, W., Heideman, L., Chung, C. S., Pelling, J. C., Koehler, K. J., & Birt, D. F. 2000). Although this interaction can be beneficial in certain contexts, it may not be advisable for those with hormone-sensitive conditions. Again, consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended in these cases.

People taking certain medications should also be aware of potential interactions. Apigenin can affect the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are involved in the metabolism of many drugs (Guengerich, F. P. 2008). This interaction can alter the effectiveness of medications and may lead to adverse effects. If you are on prescription medications, especially those with a narrow therapeutic index, such as warfarin or other anticoagulants, it is essential to discuss the use of apigenin with your healthcare provider.

Lastly, individuals with chronic health conditions should always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement, including apigenin. This ensures that there are no underlying health issues or potential interactions that could compromise safety.

In summary, while apigenin is beneficial for many, certain individuals—including those with plant allergies, pregnant or breastfeeding women, individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions, and those on specific medications—should exercise caution or avoid its use. Consulting with a healthcare provider can help determine if apigenin is appropriate for you.

Citations:

1. Wang, W., Heideman, L., Chung, C. S., Pelling, J. C., Koehler, K. J., & Birt, D. F. (2000). Cell-cycle arrest at G2/M and growth inhibition by apigenin in human colon carcinoma cell lines. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 28(2), 102-110.
2. Guengerich, F. P. (2008). Cytochrome P450 and chemical toxicology. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(1), 70-83.

Yes, apigenin supplements are known to interact with certain medications, primarily due to their effects on the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme system. The CYP450 enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism of many drugs, and any compound that influences their activity can alter the pharmacokinetics of these medications.

One of the key interactions is with CYP3A4, one of the most important enzymes in the CYP450 family. Apigenin has been shown to inhibit CYP3A4, which can lead to increased blood concentrations of drugs metabolized by this enzyme, thereby enhancing their effects and potentially leading to adverse reactions (Guengerich, F. P. 2008). Medications that are metabolized by CYP3A4 include certain statins (used to lower cholesterol), calcium channel blockers (used to treat high blood pressure), and some immunosuppressants.

Additionally, apigenin can influence the activity of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 enzymes. For instance, CYP1A2 is involved in the metabolism of drugs like caffeine and theophylline, a medication used for respiratory diseases. Inhibition of CYP1A2 by apigenin can lead to higher plasma levels of these drugs, increasing the risk of side effects such as jitteriness or toxicity. Similarly, CYP2C9 metabolizes drugs like warfarin, a commonly used anticoagulant. Apigenin's inhibitory effect on CYP2C9 can enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding complications (Guengerich, F. P. 2008).

Another noteworthy interaction is with antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. Apigenin has anticoagulant properties, which can be beneficial for cardiovascular health but may pose a risk when taken alongside medications like warfarin, aspirin, or clopidogrel. The combined effect can lead to an increased risk of bleeding (Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. 2000).

Patients taking benzodiazepines or other central nervous system depressants should also be cautious. Apigenin's anxiolytic and sedative properties, which are mediated through its action on GABA receptors, can potentially amplify the effects of these medications, leading to excessive sedation or drowsiness.

Lastly, individuals undergoing chemotherapy should consult their healthcare providers before using apigenin supplements. Apigenin has been shown to affect the efficacy of certain chemotherapeutic agents, potentially reducing their effectiveness or enhancing their toxicity (Li-Weber, M. 2009).

In summary, apigenin can interact with a variety of medications, primarily through its influence on the CYP450 enzyme system and its anticoagulant properties. These interactions can alter the effectiveness and safety profile of the medications involved. Therefore, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before starting apigenin supplements if you are taking any prescription medications.

Citations:

1. Guengerich, F. P. (2008). Cytochrome P450 and chemical toxicology. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(1), 70-83.
2. Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000). The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacological Reviews, 52(4), 673-751.
3. Li-Weber, M. (2009). New therapeutic aspects of flavones: The anticancer properties of apigenin. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 16(12), 1456-1467.

Apigenin is found in a variety of plants and foods, making it relatively easy to incorporate into your diet. Here are some of the best sources of apigenin:

1. Chamomile Tea: Chamomile is perhaps the most well-known source of apigenin. Chamomile tea, made from the dried flowers of the Matricaria chamomilla plant, is rich in this bioflavonoid. Drinking chamomile tea regularly can provide a good amount of apigenin along with other beneficial compounds. Research indicates that chamomile tea can contain up to 1-2 mg of apigenin per cup (Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. 2010).
2. Parsley: Parsley is another excellent source of apigenin. Fresh parsley can be added to a variety of dishes, from salads to soups, to boost your intake of this beneficial compound. Parsley is not only rich in apigenin but also provides vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, vitamin K, and iron.
3. Celery: Celery is a versatile vegetable that contains significant amounts of apigenin. Whether consumed raw in salads, as a snack, or cooked in soups and stews, celery can help increase your apigenin intake. Celery also offers dietary fiber and other antioxidants that contribute to overall health.
4. Oranges: Citrus fruits, particularly oranges, contain apigenin. While the concentration of apigenin is lower compared to some other sources, consuming oranges and other citrus fruits can still contribute to your overall intake. Plus, they provide vitamin C and other flavonoids that support immune health.
5. Onions: Onions, especially the yellow and red varieties, are rich in various flavonoids, including apigenin. Incorporating onions into your diet can provide both flavor and health benefits, as they are also known for their anti-inflammatory properties.
6. Tea (Other than Chamomile): While chamomile tea is the richest source, other types of tea, such as peppermint and thyme tea, also contain apigenin. These herbal teas can be a pleasant way to diversify your apigenin sources.
7. Bacopa Monnieri: This herb, commonly used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, is another source of apigenin. Bacopa monnieri is often consumed in supplement form for its cognitive benefits, and it contains apigenin along with other bioactive compounds.
8. Red Wine: Moderate consumption of red wine can provide apigenin, thanks to the flavonoids present in the grape skins used in winemaking. However, it’s important to consume alcohol in moderation due to its potential health risks.

In summary, the best sources of apigenin include chamomile tea, parsley, celery, oranges, onions, various herbal teas, Bacopa monnieri, and red wine. Incorporating these foods and beverages into your diet can help you harness the benefits of apigenin naturally.

Citations:

1. Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with a bright future (review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6), 895-901.
2. Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000). The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacological Reviews, 52(4), 673-751.

Apigenin is available in various forms, allowing flexibility based on individual preferences and health goals. Each form has its unique advantages and considerations, making it easier to incorporate this beneficial bioflavonoid into your daily routine.

1. Whole Foods: One of the most natural and accessible ways to consume apigenin is through whole foods. As previously mentioned, foods rich in apigenin include chamomile tea, parsley, celery, onions, and citrus fruits like oranges. Consuming apigenin in its natural state not only provides the bioflavonoid but also offers additional nutrients and fiber that contribute to overall health.
2. Herbal Teas: Chamomile tea is the most well-known herbal tea for its apigenin content. Drinking chamomile tea is a simple and effective way to introduce apigenin into your diet, especially for its calming and relaxing benefits. Other herbal teas such as peppermint and thyme also contain apigenin, providing variety and additional health benefits.
3. Powdered Extracts: Apigenin is available in powdered extract form, which can be a convenient option for those looking to add it to their diet without altering their food choices significantly. These powders can be mixed into smoothies, juices, or even sprinkled over food. They offer a concentrated dose of apigenin and are often standardized to ensure consistent potency.
4. Capsules and Tablets: For those seeking a more straightforward supplementation method, apigenin is available in capsule and tablet forms. This option provides a precise and consistent dosage, making it easier to monitor and adjust intake. Capsules and tablets are particularly convenient for individuals with busy lifestyles or those who prefer not to alter their diet significantly.
5. Liquid Extracts: Liquid extracts or tinctures of apigenin are another option. These are typically made by soaking the apigenin-containing plant material in alcohol or another solvent to extract the active compounds. Liquid extracts can be taken directly or added to water or other beverages. They offer a flexible dosing option and are quickly absorbed by the body.
6. Topical Applications: Apigenin is also found in some skincare products due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Topical formulations, such as creams and serums, can be applied directly to the skin to support skin health and combat signs of aging. This form is particularly beneficial for those interested in the cosmetic benefits of apigenin.
7. Combination Supplements: Apigenin is sometimes included in combination supplements alongside other flavonoids, herbs, or nutrients that support similar health goals. These combination products can offer synergistic effects and provide a broader range of benefits in a single supplement.

In summary, apigenin is available in various forms, including whole foods, herbal teas, powdered extracts, capsules, tablets, liquid extracts, topical applications, and combination supplements. Each form has its unique set of advantages, allowing individuals to choose the one that best fits their lifestyle and health objectives.

Citations:

1. Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with a bright future (review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6), 895-901.
2. Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000). The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacological Reviews, 52(4), 673-751.

Apigenin itself is a well-studied bioflavonoid, but its efficacy can be influenced by the presence of related sub-compounds and co-occurring flavonoids, which can enhance its absorption, stability, and overall biological activity. While apigenin is the primary active compound, understanding its interactions with these sub-compounds can provide a more comprehensive view of its health benefits.

1. Apigenin-7-glucoside: This is a glycosylated form of apigenin, where a glucose molecule is attached to the apigenin structure. Glycosylation can influence the bioavailability and solubility of apigenin. Apigenin-7-glucoside is found in various plants and can be converted into apigenin in the body, thus contributing to its overall efficacy. The presence of this sub-compound can enhance the stability and absorption of apigenin, particularly when consumed through dietary sources like chamomile tea (Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. 2000).
2. Luteolin: Luteolin is another flavonoid closely related to apigenin and often found alongside it in many plants. It shares several biological activities with apigenin, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The presence of luteolin can have a synergistic effect, enhancing the overall efficacy of apigenin. Studies have shown that combinations of flavonoids can produce more substantial biological effects than any single flavonoid alone (Seelinger, G., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. 2008).
3. Quercetin: Quercetin is another flavonoid that is frequently found in the same foods as apigenin. Like luteolin, quercetin has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It can enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of apigenin through synergistic interactions. A study published in the "Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry" demonstrated that quercetin could enhance the absorption of other flavonoids, including apigenin, thereby increasing their bioactivity (Manach, C., Williamson, G., Morand, C., Scalbert, A., & Rémésy, C. 2005).
4. Kaempferol: Kaempferol is another flavonoid often co-occurring with apigenin in various plants. It has been shown to exhibit similar health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The combination of kaempferol and apigenin can provide a broader spectrum of activity, potentially enhancing the overall therapeutic effects of apigenin (Kang, J. S., Yoon, Y. D., Han, M. H., Han, S. B., Lee, K., & Park, S. K. 2010).
5. Chrysin: Chrysin is a flavonoid structurally similar to apigenin and found in honey, propolis, and passionflower. It shares many of the same biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The presence of chrysin can complement and enhance the effects of apigenin, contributing to a more robust health benefit profile.

In summary, while apigenin is the primary active compound, its efficacy can be enhanced by the presence of related sub-compounds and co-occurring flavonoids such as apigenin-7-glucoside, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and chrysin. These compounds can improve the bioavailability, stability, and overall biological activity of apigenin, making it more effective as a dietary supplement or therapeutic agent.

Citations:

1. Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000). The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacological Reviews, 52(4), 673-751.
2. Seelinger, G., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2008). Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of luteolin. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 476(2), 238-251.
3. Manach, C., Williamson, G., Morand, C., Scalbert, A., & Rémésy, C. (2005). Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 16(3), 186-196.
4. Kang, J. S., Yoon, Y. D., Han, M. H., Han, S. B., Lee, K., & Park, S. K. (2010). Apigenin inhibits melanoma cell migration through the down-regulation of RhoA and Rac1. Journal of Dermatological Science, 58(1), 66-73.

Apigenin is known by several names and identifiers, which can sometimes cause confusion. Here’s a comprehensive list of the different names, chemical compounds, and common misspellings associated with apigenin:

1. Chemical Names and Identifiers:
   • Apigenin: The most commonly used name.
   • 4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone: The systematic chemical name of apigenin, which reflects its structure as a flavone with three hydroxyl groups.
   • C15H10O5: The molecular formula for apigenin.
   • CAS Number: 520-36-5, which is a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service.
2. Common Misspellings and Abbreviations:
   • Apigenine: A frequent misspelling that adds an extra "e" at the end.
   • Apigene: Another common misspelling, dropping the "in" and substituting with an "e".
   • Apgn: An abbreviation sometimes used in scientific literature or discussions.
   • Apig: Another shorthand abbreviation.
3. Other Names and Related Compounds:
   • Apigenin-7-glucoside: A glycosylated form of apigenin where a glucose molecule is attached, which can enhance its solubility and bioavailability.
   • Chamomile Flavonoid: Apigenin is a major flavonoid found in chamomile, and it is sometimes referred to in this context.
   • Flavone: Apigenin is a type of flavone, a class of flavonoids, and may be referred to as such in broader discussions of its chemical family.
   • Apigenin-4'-O-β-D-glucoside: Another glycosylated form of apigenin, where the glucose molecule is attached at the 4' position.
4. Related Ingredients:
   • Matricaria recutita Extract: Chamomile extract, which is rich in apigenin and often used in supplements and herbal preparations.
   • Bacopa Monnieri Extract: An herb that contains apigenin among other bioactive compounds.
   • Parsley, Celery, and Other Plant Extracts: Natural sources of apigenin that may appear on ingredient lists in supplements and food products.

Understanding these different names and identifiers can help you recognize apigenin in various contexts, whether you are reading scientific literature, checking supplement labels, or exploring natural sources of this beneficial compound.

Citations:

1. Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000). The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacological Reviews, 52(4), 673-751.
2. Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with a bright future (review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6), 895-901.

When choosing an apigenin supplement, it is crucial to pay attention to the label to ensure that you are getting a high-quality product. Here are some key factors to look for on the label of an apigenin supplement:

1. Standardization: Look for supplements that are standardized to contain a specific percentage of apigenin. Standardization ensures that you are getting a consistent and reliable amount of the active ingredient in each dose. For example, the label might state "Standardized to 98% apigenin."
2. Dosage Information: The label should clearly indicate the amount of apigenin per serving. This information helps you understand how much of the active ingredient you are consuming and allows you to adjust the dosage according to your needs. Look for labels that specify the exact milligram (mg) content of apigenin per capsule, tablet, or serving size.
3. Ingredient List: A transparent ingredient list is essential. Ensure that apigenin is listed as one of the primary ingredients. Be wary of products with long lists of fillers, binders, or artificial additives, as these can dilute the potency of the supplement and may cause adverse reactions in some individuals.
4. Source of Apigenin: The label should specify the source of apigenin, such as chamomile (Matricaria recutita), parsley, celery, or Bacopa monnieri. Knowing the source can provide additional context about the quality and potential benefits of the supplement.
5. Third-Party Testing: Look for supplements that have been tested by third-party laboratories for purity, potency, and safety. Certifications from reputable third-party organizations such as NSF International, USP (United States Pharmacopeia), or ConsumerLab can provide assurance that the product meets high standards of quality.
6. Manufacturing Practices: Ensure that the supplement is produced in facilities that follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). This information is often indicated on the label or the manufacturer's website and ensures that the supplement is produced in a clean and controlled environment.
7. Free From Allergens: If you have allergies or sensitivities, check the label for common allergens such as gluten, dairy, soy, and nuts. High-quality supplements will often indicate if they are free from these allergens.
8. Non-GMO and Organic Certifications: If you prefer supplements that are free from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or grown without synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, look for non-GMO and organic certifications on the label.
9. Expiration Date: Always check the expiration date to ensure that the product is fresh and will remain effective throughout its intended use period. Supplements can lose potency over time, so it's important to choose products with a reasonable shelf life.
10. Serving Size and Instructions: The label should provide clear instructions on how to take the supplement, including the recommended serving size, frequency of use, and any specific instructions such as taking it with food or water.

By paying attention to these key factors on the label, you can select a high-quality apigenin supplement that meets your needs and ensures that you are getting the maximum benefit from this powerful bioflavonoid.

Citations:

1. Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with a bright future (review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6), 895-901.
2. Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000). The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacological Reviews, 52(4), 673-751.

The information provided on this website, including any text, images, or other material contained within, is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. This page was created by the SuppCo editiorial team, with AI summarization tools, including data from but not limited to following studies: